Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Some evidence indicates tobacco and alcohol use as predisposing factors for ESCC (Shou et al., 2008, p. 19), but further studies are needed to explore this important question.
A final notable feature of the results is that they indicate widespread agreement on the implication of CDC25 protein and mRNA expression levels and subcellular localization in ESCC. Few studies of CDC25 enzymatic function/dysfunction appeared in the search results.
The results of the literature search highlight the importance of the problem of ESCC for two main reasons. First, the results suggest that a substantial amount of research has been done into this major clinical problem, the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in China and a highly lethal form of carcinoma (Dong et al., 2010, p. 82). Second, the results suggest that ESCC could be a good system for studying the molecular basis of cell cycle progression. This is because ESCC involves dysfunction or dysregulation of CDC25, a key molecule involved in regulating the cell cycle in normal cells.
Conclusion
Based on the search results, there is a plethora of evidence implicating CDC25 overexpression in ESCC cells (as opposed to normal cells) as indicative of carcinoma, and as playing a causal role in the proliferation of cancer cells and cancer progression (Nishioka et al., 2001, p. 412) (Dong et al., 2010, p. 81) (Shou et al., 2008, p. 1424) (Liu et al., 2008, p. 440). There is also evidence suggesting that a nuclear localization of CDC25 suggests poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma (Wang et al., 2010, p. 239).
There is less evidence that CDC25 biochemical dysfunction plays a role in ESCC. Biochemical studies of enzyme kinetics are lacking, and this additional information would help advance the field. For example, a study comparing enzymatic activity of CDC25 in cancer cells compared to normal cells would provide information about whether enzyme dysfunction, rather than just expression levels, is important for tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
The evidence is mounting that CDC25 expression level is important for causing (rather than just being correlated...
However, studies are needed in which CDC25 level or enzymatic activity is inhibited in order to more definitively show a causal role for cell proliferation/cancer progression. If reducing CDC25 functional levels by antibody inhibition, chemical small molecule inhibition, or siRNA techniques blocks cell proliferation or cancer progression, this would be stronger evidence of a causal role for CDC25. Such a result would also open doors to possible therapeutic applications of inhibiting CDC25.
References
Dong, J., Zeng, B., Xu, L., Wang, J, Li, M., Zeng, M., Liu, W. 2010. Anti-CDC25 autoantibody predicts poor prognosis in patients with advance esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 81-88.
Liu, W., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Cao, J., Guo, X., Xu, L., Li, M., Song, L., Huang, W., Zen, M.
2008. Proteomics-based identification of autoantibody against CDC25B as a novel serum marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
123). In this study, Martinez-Contreras and her associates report the results of recent research that has provided additional evidence concerning the function of these proteins in precursor-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing (2007). The splicing repression can function in two discrete ways in heterogeneous nuclear RNP proteins; the first way is by antagonizing the recognition of splice sites directly and the second way is through interference with the binding of proteins that
Biochemistry Similarity of Glycolysis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Glycolysis is reported as being a pathway that is practically universal for energy extraction that carbohydrates hold available and this is true for eukaryotes, prokaryotes as well as aerobes and anaerobes. (Essential Biochemistry, 2014, paraphrased) Only eukaryotes have mitochondria. Some prokaryotes are reported to be photosynthetic and to use "an electron transport chain to make ATP." (Essential Biochemistry, 2014, p. 1) It is believed that
Biochemistry The Polypeptide Chain Configuration in Hemoglobin and other Globular Proteins By Linus Pauling and Robert B. Corey (1951) The article named above describes a continuation in the study of hydrogenbonded planar-amide configurations of polypeptide chains. It also discusses evidence on the possibility of the existence of such chains in fibrous proteins, and in molecules of globular proteins. The article first notes that globular patterns such as ovalbumin, can "on denaturation be converted into
Altogether, the Icelandic findings implicate epigenetic silencing of the BRCA1 gene in sporadic breast tumors. They even suggest that "the BRCA1 gene is implicated in sporadic breast tumorigenesis through epigenetic silencing and deletion of the BRCA1 gene," and that BRCA1 methylation is also found to be important in hereditary breast cancer, indicating similarities between BRCA1 methylated and hereditary BRCA1 breast tumors (Birgisdotter, et al. 9). While heredity factors strongly contribute
The next database used for the search is Medline. I began with the same search terms, celiac disease biochemistry, however it did not return any articles. Next, the search was expanded my search by simply searching celiac disease. This returned 544 articles. The first article is titled Celiac Disease and is from the National Library of Medicine. This article is clearly not useful. Next the search was expanded to celiac
student with a Bachelor of Science degree in Communications, minors in both Psychology and Sociology, and a desire to attend law school, my request to enter a Biochemistry program may be unusual. After all, people who focus on the hard sciences usually do so because of plans to work in a particular industry or to pursue additional field-specific education via Masters or PhD programs. Because I have no intention