Anger as a core emotion: expression, myths, and management styles

Stress Management

The Stress Emotions: Anger and Fear

Anger

I found it interesting that the chapter states that anger is found in all animals (higher animals that are capable of such expressions as I imagine an earthworm does not express anger) and yet offers evidence that anger is not instinctual in nature in humans (the Seville Statement). If anger is a core emotion, then it is probably experienced to some degree in all of us, and certainly cultural norms could alter the expression of anger and aggression. Nonetheless, the chapter spends a great deal of time discussing cultural differences in the gender expression of anger in the West. There are some good points made concerning expectations of boys and girls regarding how emotions are to be expressed, but the bottom line appears that despite all of the popular books and popular opinion that males and females express or experience anger differently, several research reports indicate otherwise. I found this quite interesting. I think that most of that attitude (men and women express anger differently) may be due to a confirmation bias.

The chapter focuses on the physical effects of anger, and busts a few myths that I had thought were factual. First, the notion of catharsis, or blowing off steam, does not reduce anger but instead enhances it. However, the chapter offers suggesting to making the blowing off steam as a resourceful method of resolving anger such as directing the expression towards the source, reestablishing self-control, etc. Since anger can sometimes be an issue for me personally, I found these useful. Secondly, the frustration-aggression hypothesis is not really supported by the research, so while frustration might lead to aggressive behavior, it is not a constant. I also found this interesting as in the past I have tried to figure out what frustrations made me angry in general, when in fact the frustration may have really been due to guilt, unresolved issues after being angry, or other factors. I need to think about my anger in order to understand it. The other issue concerns the deleterious health issues that have been linked to mismanaged anger. First, one has to have a lot of anger and stress to develop heart disease or ulcers and secondly these are not causal factors for ill health but instead risk factors. I did not think that the chapter was clear enough about this relationship.

I found the anger mismanagement styles section very informative. I tend to vary between an exploder and an underhander. I have known somatizers and self-punishers, but do not really express such tendencies regularly myself. However, the issue with typing these is that we all probably engage in all of these styles of anger mismanagement to some degree. I am more apt to explode, but if there is a big status difference in myself and the object of my anger I tend to hold it in. However, I am rarely one to go the self-punishing light unless the results of my exploding really are catastrophic.

I think that the hostility element of my anger is the most damaging part of it for me and the creative anger strategies at the end of this section were quite helpful to me. I tend to be a reactor and perhaps being more proactive, as these techniques suggest, would allow me to get a little more control of my tendency to react to my anger. It is during these periods where my anger becomes unproductive. By slowing down, taking a time out (which is really important for me because I defuse rather quickly, but sometimes the damage my anger causes does not), planning ahead, and keeping a journal are some proactive strategies I can benefit from. I also think using the journal to categorize high potential anger situations for me can make me mindful of my tendencies. All in all I found this chapter quite helpful in helping me recognize the potential origins of my anger and designing a strategy to help me express it and deal with it in a more positive manner.

Chapter 8 Cognitive Restructuring: Reframing

This chapter is quite useful and in terms of where I was heading related to thinking about my own issues with chronic stress it validated a few things for me and helped me rethink others. First the chapter discusses cognitive distortions as they information processing by the brain. The use of self-talk and the distortions of toxic thoughts as categorized by Ellis were very helpful in assisting me to understand my own stress. Looking back at my stress diary I can see where I have a tendency to use pessimism, catastrophizing, magnifying, and polarizing quite often. Referring back to chapter five and tying it into the current chapter, I think that first being mindful of these tendencies is quite important for me. In reading the chapter and thinking about all of this I need to remember to accept life as not always being rosy and remembering where my real control over things lies. As stated previously and brought up in this chapter, it is my perception of events that exacerbates chronic stress levels. And my perception of events is often subjectively blown out of proportion to reality. When I distort events I create stress which leads to a narrowing of my perception, which leads to more distortion, etc. I never really thought about issues like this before, but I can see where I was playing the role of the victim and in a sense leading myself into self-fulfilling prophecies while at the same time rationalizing that I was right about being a victim and having no control all the time. The chapter discusses positive psychology and the power of being positive, I used to think that was being unrealistic but after reading the chapter I realize that being positive is being realistic and what I have been doing is been unrealistic. If I were too likewise use Pollyanna distortions in response to stressful events I would be considered delusional. So in a sense I have been delusional in my perceptions of the world by distorting their salience in a negative manner.

The question becomes how do I reframe my tendency to be a victim by engaging in cognitive distortions? The chapter discusses this in great detail. Kind of like the anger management strategy in chapter five, one good first step is to recognize when I am using a distortion and try and stop myself (thought stopping or a time out). Then I need to look at the situation from a different perspective. For instance, identify why I am feeling stressed (what, why, and appraise it). By reappraising I need to explain the event from a different perspective(s). I believe that this is really important for me. I tend to react to my perception of how I feel which I should accept, but just because something initially results in distress or discomfort does not mean that I should let it own me. When I found out my grandmother had congestive heart failure I was rightfully distressed, but why let that feeling rule me? The important thing was to be with her, make her feel better, and spend time with her. Once I explain the event for different perspectives I think it is ok to integrate those perspectives to give me the big picture. I need to take responsibility for my thoughts and actions and not assign cause to events that I cannot control. I also need to accept the fact that life throws curveballs at all of us and some of these will make me distressed. When I can accept these facts of life I can better understand my tendencies and better understand how to deal with my reactions and limit the subjective damage I inflict on myself. Once I go through these steps (perhaps using a journal or in my head when I cannot write things down) and implement changes I need to evaluate my approach.

At the end of the chapter it discusses using relaxation. I think this can be a helpful addition to managing stress because one cannot feel relaxed and anxious at the same time. Implementing a relaxation technique may help this process.

Chapter 18: Meditation

Seaward (2006) discusses meditation quite thoroughly here. Mediation has been observed to result in a lowering of stress and is associated with heal benefits such as better cardiac functioning, less ulcers, positive effects on ADD, and so forth. The path to stress reduction in medication differs from our traditional Western way of thinking. In the West we tend to follow the notion that peace and tranquility come from acquiring things, status, and other external forms of validation, whereas in the East tranquility is believed to be a result of an internal focus and more of a whittling away of complexity. Self-reflection and inner contemplation are viewed as important for enlightenment, while in the West self-validation is the focus. Mediation has been around in many forms and the chapter discusses these.

In general there are two categories of meditation: exclusive mediation where one focuses on one particular thing in order to clear the mind and inclusive meditation where thoughts are let come in and out of consciousness and the meditator does not attachment evaluations or emotions to them. I think in terms of relaxation an exclusive form of mediation might be more suitable for me given my tendency to ruminate on thoughts and feelings. I especially like the section on the Relaxation Response where one goes to a quiet place, get comfortable, uses some form of mental device to block out distractions, and takes a passive attitude. This just struck me as quite relaxing and reading this I could feel the stress melt away. However, I can also see where inclusive mutation might free one from certain thoughts, but it seems more like daydreaming than stress reduction to me.

I found the section of split brain and altered states interesting, but I also found myself disagreeing with the premise that altered-brain states represent right brain functioning. My reasoning here is that the brain is a whole organ that has specialized parts that can complete specialized functions. If an altered-state represents the expression of only one half, then it is certainly altered, but it is no better than relying on only left-brain functions. I would think that altered states and the moving towards higher consciousness would require integrating the brain's full potential; that is integrating the left and right brain functions. Moreover, Seaward sates that either hemisphere can take over the functions of the other or the whole brain in cases of brain damage like a stroke. I see this as indicating that all these functions are important and that neither set of functions alone represents some form of higher consciousness. It is like some of the earlier material discussed in this paper. When you concentrate on cognitive distortions instead of looking at the big picture you need to focus away from the negative or subjective aspects, which still may have some truth associated with them, and focus on other perspectives in order to integrate the overall picture. Likewise, in order to use your full brain potential and elevate consciousness one must restrict exclusive usage of one section to integrate the other section in order to function full. That is just my take on that section.

The most useful part of the chapter in my opinion was the steps to initiate meditation. The body flame technique, which I want to incorporate into my own stress reduction program on a daily basis.