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In addition to an automatic evaluation, there needs to also be a "reflective evaluative process" in order to store information from present experiences for use in future experiences (Cunningham, et al., 2007). Basically this theory is that "reflective evaluative processes" are created (based on experience) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which takes the formulation of evaluation to a higher level, beyond attitude and beyond basic emotional responses. In other words, the PFC house learned "rules" and they play a key role when humans evaluate situations.
Affect and Proto-Affect in Effective Functioning
Andrew Ortony and colleagues posit that when humans process different levels of information four "relatively independent domains" are in play and help functioning processes; those four are: affect (value); motivation (action tendencies); cognition (meaning); and behavior (the actions of the organism) (Ortony, et al., 2005, p. 173). Within those four levels the authors break functioning down to three components, the heart of their theory: a) "reactive level" (responses to "unconditioned stimuli," the simplest forms of conditioning); b) "routine level" (this level interrupts "higher-level processing" when unexpected conditions or emergencies are encountered); and c) "reflective level" (this level effectively monitors any activity at all three levels; it is operating at a high level of understanding but it doesn't...
Reviewing the available research from the literature is an exercise in expanding the student's mind, which after all is one of the pivotal points in education.
Works Cited
Barrett, Feldman L., Ochsner, K.N., and Gross, J.J. (2007). "Automaticity and Emotion." in
J. Bargh (Ed.) Social Psychology and the Unconscious (173-218). New York: Psychology
Press.
Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., DeWall, C.N., and Zhang, L. (2007). How Emotion Shapes
Behavior Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 11, 167-203.
Cunningham, William a., and Zelazo, Philip David. (2007). Attitudes and evaluations: a social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(3), 97-102.
Ortony, Andrew, Norman, Donald a., and Revelle, William. (2005). Affect and Proto-Affect
in Effective Functioning. In Who Needs Emotions: The Brain Meets the Robot, Eds. J.
Fellous and M. Arbib. New York: Oxford Scholarship Online.
Works Cited
Barrett, Feldman L., Ochsner, K.N., and Gross, J.J. (2007). "Automaticity and Emotion." in
J. Bargh (Ed.) Social Psychology and the Unconscious (173-218). New York: Psychology
Press.
Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., DeWall, C.N., and Zhang, L. (2007). How Emotion Shapes
I made standard cooing and crying noises as the situation warranted, but I never even appeared to be trying to sound out words even under encouragement (again, I have to take the word of my parents and siblings on this, as I was far too young to remember any of it). Urgings of "Say Mommy!" were rewarded, I am told, with smiles and coos, but no apparent understanding of
Personality Theories in Psychology To the layperson, the term personality is a generic descriptor for an individual's traits. However, personality has a more specific meaning to psychologists. According to Dan McAdams, "Personality psychology is the scientific study of the whole person" (McAdams, 2006, p.12, para.1). While different psychologists and their theories have become well-known enough to be referenced in casual conversation, there is still some confusion among laypeople about personality
Film Theory The canonical model of the purely cinematic (Eisenstein, Kracauer, Bazin) starts disappearing in contemporary theory. Most film theorists since the 1970s (Baudry, Wollen, Mulvey, Stam/Shohat, or Jameson, etc.) Explain in different ways how the textual (content and form, the film text itself) and institutional have merged together. Choose two theorists for whom the institutional issues are integrally connected to the textual ones, and explain their insights about reading
Rwandan genocide a philosophical theory (Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theodicy). How philosophy successful Philosophical Healing It is extremely interesting to note how much relevance philosophy -- and in particular that which was propagated by Jean-Jacques Roussueau -- has with very pragmatic and lethal matters of reality such as the Rwandan genocide. Many of the very ideas and notions that were of extreme importance to Rousseau factored quite substantially into the reasons for the systematic
Social Theory in the View of Phenomenology: Alfred Schutz Who was Alfred Schutz, and why was his work on social theory and phenomenology so important? This is an important question that must be answered here, and will be answered, but there are other issues that must be examined as well. It is important to have an understanding of social theory and an understanding of phenomenology before Schutz is discussed too
How breast cancer changed Kobayashi’s perspectives on life and how the society has influenced on her perspectives about the disease? Introduction Breast cancer ranks among the top most common types of cancers among women all around the globe. In addition to being a dreaded disease, cancer, in general, attracts very culturally biased opinions. As a result, those who are diagnosed with cancer are ‘forced’ to manage the disease in silence, and in