Theory Essays (Examples)

Theory Development Nature and Use of Theory

Theory Development

Nature and Use of Theory in Academic Research

Corley and Gioia (2001) call theory the, "currency of our scholarly realm" (p. 12). The authors further explain that theoretical contribution is a requirement for a manuscript to be considered for publication. It appears that all scholarly writing hinges on the theoretical worthiness of the material. Corley and Gioia defined theory as a statement of concepts and their interrelationships that together, demonstrate how or why something occurs (p. 12). This analysis establishes theory as a necessity of empirical research. However, as these authors point out, it is not enough simply to have a theory. The idea or concept must be original and have utility, alluding to the idea that it must serve some function. Originality and utility are necessary elements for the historical progression of theory in a field of study.

Originality and Utility

The advancement of knowledge in a certain field of study depends on the development of new theories that are both original and that serve a purpose. Let us examine why Corley and Gioia considers these theoretical constructs to be of such importance. A theory is simply a concept that attempts to explain a phenomenon. One could…… [Read More]

Theory Borrowing in Communication and

Feminist theory can get very political and insistent, but that can and should be tempered by a realistic understanding of what can be accomplished when people all agree to work together in order to see a positive change in the way people are treated.

When people become focused on the race or gender of a person, or they become too focused on the words used without clarifying the intent of those words, communication can break down and (incorrect) value judgments can quickly be made. There are ways to avoid that, of course, but some people are not aware of how to avoid those kinds of things and other people are simply not interested in avoiding them. People who do not want to avoid those kinds of problems with communication and judgment or do not see that there is even a problem sometimes have trouble separating their opinions, thoughts, and feelings from the logical issues that should be addressed when it comes to equality and communication. By addressing the theories that are seen in the fields of communication and women's studies, more people can work with one another and communicate properly. They can also look at the theories in women's studies…… [Read More]

Theory X And Theory Y Select Organizational

Theory X and Theory Y

Select organizational leaders analysis activity current research. Critique leader Douglas MacGregor's Theory X Theory Y Identify proper category leader assessment. Include examples situations actions reflect type leader .

Theory X versus Theory Y: Apple vs. Google

According to Douglas McGregor' analysis of managerial personality styles, managers fall into two basic 'types,' that of Theory X or Theory Y Theory X managers tend to exert authority through a traditional authoritarian approach. The Theory X assumption is that people are basically lazy and desire to avoid work, rather than seek it out for self-enrichment. In contrast, Theory Y managers take a positive view of human nature and view human beings as basically desirous of self-improvement. Theory X suggests that human beings can be internally as well as externally motivated.

Despite the fact that both companies have been highly praised for the positive changes they have wrought, regarding consumer's relationship with technology, the Apple and Google corporations manifest two very different corporate leadership styles. Belying its forward-thinking, green image, hip advertising campaigns and the fact that it is the favored technology brand of young, urban hipsters, the internal culture of Apple is actually extremely 'Theory X' in its…… [Read More]

Theory Free Market Fairness for the Free

Theory

Free Market Fairness for the Free New World

When choosing between theories of distributive justice, Rawls' "Justice as Fairness" and Tomasi's "Free Market Fairness," Tomasi's theory best expresses the democratic ideal of society as a system of social cooperation between free and equal persons. In the 21st century global economic landscape, a very popular and profitable trend is "going green." Going green includes making improvements to operations of organizations that promote conversation of various forms of energy, reusing and/or recycling materials and products, as well as reducing the carbon footprint of the organization in general. Green technology and the trend of going green are worldwide phenomena that prove itself extremely financially rewarding for those who implement those strategies effectively. With regard to competitors, peers, and consumers, going green increases loyalty and augments reputation. Going green is an example of free market fairness. Green companies absolutely are in business to generate capital revenue; these companies also participate in rectifying social injustices, including those inflicted upon the local and global environments. This is just one example of free market fairness at work in today's world. Trends such as going green and other examples of free market fairness are becoming increasingly abundant…… [Read More]

Theory and Context Institutional Choice and Public Administration

Theory & Context: Institutional Choice and Public Administration

This brief study examines the writing of individuals such as Meier and Krause (nd), Meier (nd), Moe (2011) and others for the purpose of constructing knowledge of the theoretical framework and context of institutional choice and public administration. The normative theory is examined and how that theoretical bases can be viewed to run throughout the fabric of the various theories and models used to explain institutional choice and public administration.

Bureaucratic Performance

Meier and Krause (nd) report that the literature on how bureaucratic performance is subjected to the control of political institutions through "ex post and ex-ante methods" is such that has been fully developed and as well there have been a great many studies conducted that examined how tools of budgeting, appointing, and oversight serve to affect the performance of bureaucrats. It is stated that bureaucratic performance in term of the choice of procedure chosen has indicated theoretical methods for administrative agency behavior constraint through application of rules. While the literature in this area of study has heightened the understanding in the areas of theory and empirical research in regards to political institutions use of motivation, incentives, and tactics, used in…… [Read More]

Theory X & Theory Y Douglas Mcgregor's

Theory X & Theory Y

Douglas McGregor's Theory X Theory Y are a set of dichotomous views about human nature that guide management. Theory X holds that humans generally dislike work, are irresponsible and require close supervision to do their jobs; Theory Y holds that humans are generally industrious, creative and able to assume responsibility (eNotes, 2006). These theories are said to guide management styles, because they imply that the role of the manager is going to be significantly different depending on which theory the manager subscribes to. Managers therefore need to approach team-building with a vision of the types of role definitions, control mechanisms and team construction that will fulfill the theory the manager believes in (Mind Tools, 2012).

The questionnaire from Business Balls (Chapman, 2002) had my former company score a 47. This score correlates with a "generally Y-theory management." Although the job was actually fairly regimented, and with little room for mobility to greater levels of responsibility, the company did an excellent job of keeping me informed about what was going on with the company, was casual and generally there was good incentive to develop and regular communication between different levels of the organization.

I scored a…… [Read More]

Theory Practice Nursing Theory Into

The theory is also highly generalizable, as it can be applied to truly any body of knowledge yet is especially suited for nursing knowledge, which occurs along common lines throughout the profession (Chinn & Kramer, 2008; Fawcett et al., 2001). At the same time, the theory is quite abstract, and implementation can be difficult without a great deal of self-awareness, self-confidence, and a thorough understanding of the non-concrete and theoretical underpinnings of nursing knowledge as it is constructed by these researchers (Chinn & Kramer, 2008; Fawcett et al., 2001).

In order to implement this theory in nursing practice, the nurse practitioner must first take time to reflect on past and current learning experiences, which should of course be ongoing throughout the nurse's life (Chinn & Kramer, 2008). Through this reflection, the patterns of knowing and certain of the more detailed elements discussed by the researchers should become apparent to the nurse practitioner or student, and then these patterns can be increasingly identified in daily routines and practices. Implementing this theory in practice will require an ongoing increase awareness of learning as it occurs and eventually perhaps a sense of ease found in purposefully switching patterns of knowledge to best learn…… [Read More]

Theory X Versus Theory Y Assumptions

Theory X and Theory Y

When working with people, regardless of the organization, one must be cognizant of the way individuals are motivated. Motivation, in fact, is one of the basic driving forces that allow individuals to work, change, and even actualize their internal and external goals. Much of the background on motivation is based on the work of Maslow, not only surrounding human needs, but the manner in which those needs are individualized and met within the particular cultural context of the contemporary world. In this, for most developed countries, the context is the workplace. Individuals spend more time at work and often feel that the workplace is really their culture -- regardless of their own uniqueness. Within this culture, the idea of incentive theory supposed that a tangible or intangible reward has the potential for allowing the individual to be motivated, and thus for the organization to receive a recurring benefit. This is done at its most basic level by associating positive returns for certain types of performance. Stimuli -- money, intellectual satisfaction, power, authority, etc. -- all drive these individuals. Within the workplace, they individual knows that the manager is the reinforce of the behavior and if…… [Read More]

Theory Letter to a Young

The one question I have about my behavior was the fact that, as her advocate, I called and spoke to the patient's father with her permission. I stressed the fact that she was dying and if he wanted to see his daughter alive, he should come shortly. In retrospect, I wonder if I pressured her too much to make the call. Ultimately, it was all for naught, as she died before he was able to see her alive. But I wonder if I was overly interventionist and impositional of my beliefs in the need for her to make that final connection with her father. I feel good that I was able to facilitate what was important to the client, and allow her to take control of her end-of-life arrangements with dignity. I think that Parse would approve of my behavior, however, as I did validate my decision with the patient beforehand, even though it was my suggestion to make the call to her father.

Although no one likes to dwell on the end of life, given the parameters of the patient's condition, I would like to think of my care as successful as possible. Although the patient passed away, she…… [Read More]

Theory at Work the Group

It should also make sure that the managerial members have a consistent and constructive association with the team member to ensure success of the firm. They should also make sure that the team formed has an appropriate level of conformity in terms of the attitudes, principles and work ethics. The company should also make sure that there are no ego clashes within a team and that it stays united for the company's bets interests and goals. It should also focus on having informal and honest communicational interactions amongst the employees as well as be able to bring together a large team instead of a small one. Lastly, they should also focus on making sure that the team members have can tackle common problems through the creation of familiar bonds (Adair and Thomas, 2004).

Conclusion

Having read the aforementioned facts, I feel that before a company chooses to adopt this group theory within their setup, it is important for them to realize that a team is only as brilliant and effective as its leader and every decision that is made by administrators of the company directly of indirectly affects or influences the team dynamic. With that being said, the team cannot…… [Read More]

Theory Application Substance Abuse Over

" (Teasdale, 1995, pg. 25) These elements are important, because they are showing how this form of treatment can be effective in dealing with patients that are recovering. The problem is, making sure that there is: consistent follow up and dealing with some of the changing the thoughts they will experience over the long-term. (Teasdale, 1995, pp. 25 -- 39) As a result, this approach is effective at dealing with substance abuse. The key to ensuring any kind of long-term success is to make certain that there consistent discussions with the therapist. If this can occur, it will help to ensure that the addict is able to make a full recovery.

The biggest strength of emotional behavior therapy is that it is dealing with: the pent up emotions and feelings that many individuals will have associated with their addiction. This is because it is helping them to: understand what they mean and how they can change the way that they are reacting to various situations. Once this occurs, they can be able to introduce new techniques that will allow them to change how they are responding to different events. A good example of this can be seen with a study…… [Read More]

Theory Practice

Theory Practice

Professional socialization in Nursing

The professional socialization in nursing is the process that helps a person to adopt to the systems and norms of a profession. The process helps the individual learn those things that support the job but are not the written part of the job (Lai & Lim, 2012). In nursing too, not everything is learnt about patient care through books. There are environmental and cultural factors that are understood by socializing with other professionals in the system. For example, the response to the patients in emergency is learnt when the nurse actually interacts in the system and observes other nurses and physicians treating patients. Likewise, the punctuality and robustness is learnt by mingling with the peers.

In the health care clinic under consideration, the socialization occurs formally and informally. The peers and professionals socialize in wards, cafeteria and offices. They discuss their medical and health care opinions and also share how they respond to various different situations in the clinic. I believe that this is very helpful in assuming the role of a nurse especially in the start of the career when the new nurse does not know a lot about the procedures and systems…… [Read More]

Theory Identify Some Possible Questions for Research

Theory

Identify some possible questions for research study, the answers to which would serve to generate theory.

The field of nursing is constantly evolving. This is because they are playing an important part in helping stakeholders to reach key objectives and enhance the quality of care patients are receiving. After conducting different forms of research, it is clear that these individuals will continue to be a major component in all healthcare teams and organizations. However, many of the various theories are not taking into account those skill sets. That is necessary for these professionals to succeed in the future. Some of the different areas include: their role in controlling costs, improving communication, reaching out to patients and serving as a liaison between colleagues / administrators. (Sitzman, 2010) (Butts, 2011)

As a result, there are several different questions which need to be examined to improve a nurse's ability to achieve numerous goals. A few of the most notable include:

What is the role nurse are playing in controlling rising healthcare costs? How can these ideas be implemented to enhance quality and meet the objectives of different stakeholders?

What steps can nurses take to improve communication, effectively control their responsibilities and improve…… [Read More]

Theory Application John Dewey Nursing

IV. What Might be Suggested by John Dewey

John Dewey would heartily approve of the teaching practice of Ms. Thompson. She is teaching in the 'present moment' utilizing that which is available for use instead of lamenting that which is not present. The students feel cared for by Ms. Thompson, they are thriving under her instruction. John Dewey would challenge Ms. Thompson to always keep in focus in terms of her educational practice, the fact that she must always be open to the learning experience.

Ms. Thompson demonstrated the application of 'inquiry based' learning for not only herself but leading the students and thereby having simultaneously opened learning's door allowing the students to make a cognitive and conscious decision to utilize inquiry-based learning to the benefit of their own learning experience. Ms. Thompson further would have the approval of John Dewey in her classroom environment that allowed self-governance to develop in and among the students while in her classroom. A comfortable and fertile learning environment is that which characterizes Ms. Thompson's classroom, for herself and the students alike.

In view of a critique John Dewey would likely call the attention of Ms. Thompson to varied possibility in terms of the…… [Read More]

Theory Gap Theory-Practice Gap Nursing in the

Theory Gap

Theory-practice gap

Nursing in the contemporary society needs a lot of skills, knowledge and even proficient practice. Unfortunately, there is lack of implementation of what the text book says/research findings in the daily practice application of the nursing profession. Unfortunately this goes even to the ethical spheres where the nursing practice ethics are not observed and implemented in the nursing profession. Almost all nurses find themselves in this theory-practice gap once in a while, though it is generally claimed that the nursing students are more prone to find themselves in this situation (Scully, 2011).

The stand I adopt on the entire issue is that there is a significant gap between the theory and the practice that is experienced in the daily nursing arena. This gap does a lot of injustice to the growth and development of nursing practice since the theoreticians and the research outcomes are hence left to be at the lead without implementation. There are various factors that can lead to this phenomenon in the healthcare fraternity. Some of the reasons that I consider to be contributing to the gap is lack of apt training and seminars once findings have been made. This is in the…… [Read More]

Theory and Context Public Administration and the Rule of Law

Theory & Context: Public Administration and the Rule of Law

The purpose of this study is to integrate the arguments including the strengths and weaknesses of the works of Lynn (2009), Moynihan (2009) and Rosenbloom (1992) and to compare and contrast these works. Rosenbloom (1992) in the work entitled "The Constitution As a Basis for Public Administration Ethics" wrote that public administrators and government officials are under an expectation to "adhere to a variety of ethical codes and approaches. Insofar as these are consistent, can be learned, and are realistic, they present few difficulties for administrative practice. When codes or requirements are vague, however, unrealistic, and in conflict with one another, they complicate the issues involved in acting ethically under all circumstances." (p.49) The two primary ethical requirements for practically all of U.S. administrative history are reported as being those as follows: (1) refraining from the use of public property and/or office for purely private purposes or gain; and (2) avoiding waste of government resources. (Rosenbloom, 1992, p.49) It is reported by Rosenbloom that these principles were "widely violated" and most particularly from about 1829 to 1883 "when patronage was rife." (1992, p.49) During the 1970s a third dimension is…… [Read More]

Theory on Accreditation for a

The appeals process is needed by those institutions that were rejected by the accreditation body after the external evaluation. PRIM&R standards do not include such a step in the accreditation process.

The accreditation is only valid for 3 to 5 years, after which it must be repeated.

Despite accreditation's numerous advantages, it cannot totally replace federal regulation. The accreditation body is not responsible for uncovering, investigating and sanctioning any violations committed by the applicant.

Regarding the standards for accreditation, their primary features should be flexibility, which would allow them to be applicable to various institutions, and rigorousness, which would ensure that their enactment would enhance protection of human research participants. Also, "they must be clearly written, relatively straightforward to execute, consistently applicable, and measurable."

The three ethical principals discussed in The Belmont Report represent the basis for ethical requirements human research. These principles are: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The respect for persons principle establishes that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and their decisions must be respected, and that individuals with diminished autonomy should be protected. The beneficence principle indicates that no harm must be done and that any possible harm must be diminished as much as…… [Read More]

Theory Construct of on Leadership by

That is not the case, though, and even a 'grass roots' movement that begins in the bottom levels of a company or a government can make a big difference as to whether changes are made in the higher levels. The reason for this is that people really do want to see the changes that are necessary, but they are often too shy or concerned for their job to start making the changes themselves. Gardner (1990) also argues that there are many selfish people who are leaders, and because they are not as concerned with the good of the group as they should be, they fail to be effective.

The self-centered ideals that a lot of people hold when they reach and maintain positions of power often stop them from continuing to do what they know they really should in order to help the people whom they lead. This seems like a simple concept that people would work to avoid, but it is more difficult to maintain something for the good of the people when everything around you is trying to convince you otherwise. There is often a tremendous amount of pressure put on leaders, and it keeps them from doing…… [Read More]

Theory Into Practice

Theory into Practice: The Case Studies Project" covers how California developed their model for "theoretically sound" bilingual education project in 1980, which they called the "Case Studies Project." The author notes it was an ambitious project at the time, and that the California Board of Education solicited help and information from many different sources as they created the project. The author lists the basic principles of the Case Studies Project, which included language proficiency for bilingual students, basic communication skills in their second language (English), and suggestions for bilingual teachers to attain the competencies the project hoped to attain. Then, the writer notes the project was quite successful, but also created much controversy. One reason the project created controversy was that it tended to teach students in their native language, while attempting to develop ESL skills. In fact, teachers were encouraged not to bring children along too early into second-language acquisition. The creators of the project felt students would learn more effectively in their own language, and then adapt to English. While most children seemed to benefit from this course of study, it drew controversy from many critics, who…… [Read More]

Theory Into Practice

Theory into Practice: The Case Studies Project" by J. Crawford covers the 1980 California model for "theoretically sound" bilingual education, which they called the "Case Studies Project." The main beliefs of the Case Studies Project were intended to make bilingual education in the classroom more successful, and included language proficiency for bilingual students, basic communication skills in their second language (English), and suggestions for bilingual teachers to achieve the student competencies the project was intended to attain. Unfortunately, the project initially seemed quite successful in the classroom, but the methods used also created controversy throughout the state. Most of the controversy centered on the teaching of foreign students in their native language. Therefore, they actually grew more competent in their own language while they were attempting to learn English. Studies showed the children actually learned more effectively in their own language before they began to adapt their skills to English. The author notes that there…… [Read More]

Theory Building There Are Many

I would agree with this statement, since theory and practice, when applied to each other appropriately, inform each other and cannot in fact be separated into two distinct entities. It is vitally important to use theory for informing practice, while practice would further inform theory, making the statement that a good theory is, in fact, practically true.

5.

Benedict Spinoza, a post-Cartesian philosopher in the 17th century, held ideas of which many are still applicable to research and knowledge today (Dutton, 2005). One of these is his assertion about facts and theory. Specifically, the philosopher said: "if the facts conflict with the theory, either the theory must be changed or the facts." In practice this means that the concept of "facts" are not necessarily as static as the word suggests. Facts can change if the theory that conflicts with them is stronger than facts that have been proven by previous theory. New theories are continuously created and hypothesized. Which means that facts can change according to the theories created. However, the fact that theories are hypothesized means that they first need to undergo rigorous testing before a proven fact can be changed. One example of this may be the previously…… [Read More]

Theory vs Creativity in Design Leaders Have

Theory vs. Creativity in Design

Leaders have a task of moving the organization forward in a fashion that is supported by all stakeholders. After allocating resources to bolster organizational success, leaders must primarily assess and accept the risks related innovation. Innovation includes accepting new management theories to replace the outdated philosophies widely incorporated into an organization's procedures and policies over time (American Evaluation Association, 2004). This study aims to identify, discuss, and recommend strategies to create tension between existing management theories and management's ability to create new business paradigms. The study will also identify and discuss stakeholder attitudes towards innovation, ethics, and inclusion as primary drivers of a successful organization. While focusing on innovation and ethics, the study will suggest ways in which organizational leadership can prepare a company for the future and current environmental changes.

How leaders integrate innovative principles while adhering to industry and market mandates

Integrity and honesty: Organizations must always reconsider the use of theories to keep up with the realities of the business environment. The management must be prepared for change and handle changes appropriately in the rapidly evolving world. Some of the relevant theories include situational, relationship, participative and transactional. Organizations have varied goals…… [Read More]

Theories Sociology Has Been Defined S The

Theories

Sociology has been defined s the scientific study of human interaction and, as such, is accepted as a scientific activity (Leming 1997). Social science aims at discovering and explaining observed events of and in nature by means of a framework that can be tested. The goal of sociology is, therefore, to produce a body of knowledge that will provide not only an understanding of the causal processes influencing human behavior but also enable sociologists to predict social behaviors (Leming). As a science, it pursues observable and provable regularities and explains these regularities by means of a set of observable and provable propositions or statements of relationship (Leming). The very effectiveness or success of sociology lies precisely in the explanatory and predictive power of this body of knowledge derived from research.

The basic components or elements of a theory are a conceptual scheme, a set of propositions that states the relationships between variables, and a context for verification (Leming). The conceptual scheme consists of ideas that possess abstract properties not yet immediately verifiable by direct sensory observation. It also has a system of interrelated statements of relationships between variables, which seam the parts of the concept together. The conceptual scheme…… [Read More]

Theory vs Ideology What Is Ideology Ideology

Theory vs. Ideology

What is ideology?

Ideology is a belief system that supports and promotes personal or a group's social or religious agenda. In some cases its nature will be obvious to most people, but in other cases an ideology will be disguised as scientific fact based on nonexistent or reinterpreted empirical evidence. Ideologies are invariably supported by personally- or collectively-held religious or political beliefs, rather than extant empirical evidence or objective observation. Concepts within the ideology are typically framed in a black and white manner, such as right vs. wrong, just vs. unjust, and Evil Empire vs. God's Country. The use of such terminology has the effect of erasing the inherent complexity common to most social issues. From the perspective of a social scientist the most important characteristic is that ideologies are refractory to scientific inquiry and may go so far as to attack opposing beliefs to preserve its existence. Another self-protective strategy often used is circular reasoning. For example, creationism is an ideology because it is almost always presented as fact by its proponents, but is inherently un-testable through scientific means and uses circular reasoning.

What are the differences between ideology and theory?

From a social scientist perspective,…… [Read More]

Theories Presented in Understandable Narrative

In addition to an automatic evaluation, there needs to also be a "reflective evaluative process" in order to store information from present experiences for use in future experiences (Cunningham, et al., 2007). Basically this theory is that "reflective evaluative processes" are created (based on experience) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which takes the formulation of evaluation to a higher level, beyond attitude and beyond basic emotional responses. In other words, the PFC house learned "rules" and they play a key role when humans evaluate situations.

Affect and Proto-Affect in Effective Functioning

Andrew Ortony and colleagues posit that when humans process different levels of information four "relatively independent domains" are in play and help functioning processes; those four are: affect (value); motivation (action tendencies); cognition (meaning); and behavior (the actions of the organism) (Ortony, et al., 2005, p. 173). Within those four levels the authors break functioning down to three components, the heart of their theory: a) "reactive level" (responses to "unconditioned stimuli," the simplest forms of conditioning); b) "routine level" (this level interrupts "higher-level processing" when unexpected conditions or emergencies are encountered); and c) "reflective level" (this level effectively monitors any activity at all three levels; it is operating at…… [Read More]

Theory Z Is a Paradigm

Long-Term Employment -- Japanese organizations tend to have longer employee cycles than U.S. companies. Many U.S. companies treat employees as replaceable parts. It is far more cost-effective and efficient to retain expertise than continually retrain. This keeps the knowledge base inside the company. Providing incentives for long-term employment, then, is an essential component of Theory Z

Consensual Decision Making -- When employees feel that they have input into decisions that affect them, their jobs, and their daily processes, they are more likely to buy into those decisions and support change management.

Individual responsibility -- Moving away from 'the union mentality' and accepting measurement based on individual performance is tough for many Americans, but the balance between the group and the individual's participation actually empowers both.

Slow Evaluation and Promotion -- Rather than taking the short-term approach, as many American company's do, it is about the long-term strategy, not the monthly ROI. This encourages employees and managers to think strategically and anticipate the market rather than simply react to it.

Research as to the efficacy of Theory Z has mixed results. The processes involved can be time consuming, and certain types of organizations resistant to such change (e.g. large, multi-generational factory…… [Read More]

Theory X Y Douglas Mcgregor Formulated

The company may not see the benefits of having a fully Theory Y managerial style, or the managers involved may not fully be able to implement such a style as it demands a high level of trust in the employees.

In theory, the survey results should reflect fairly accurately on my work experience. However, the conclusion is that my company has a management style that is skewed towards Theory Y I would actually argue that this is overly generous, that my company is more towards Theory X What I see is that some of the high scores -- for example my boss finding extra responsibility for me or calling me by my first name -- are overly generous in their weighting. These elements do not necessary reflect the openness and trust inherent in a Theory Y organization as they do not reflect management granting more trust to the employees, not even myself. The general sentiment in the daily work is more of a Theory X company. Even with being able to work independently, rest assured if something goes wrong the independence will wane.

Conclusion

McGregor's theories provide a rough understanding of diametric points-of-view on the nature of the worker and…… [Read More]

Theory a Critical Discussion of

English for academic purposes approach focuses on the reader, too, not as a specific individual but as the representative of a discourse community, for example, a specific discipline or academia in general. The reader is an initiated expert who represents a faculty audience. This reader, particularly omniscient and all-powerful, is likely to be an abstract representation, a generalized construct, one reified from an examination of academic assignments and texts (Raimes, 1991).

Partnership Teaching is not just an extension of co-operative teaching. Co-operative teaching consists of a language support teacher and class teacher jointly planning a curriculum and teaching strategies which will take into account the learning needs of all pupils. The point is to adjust the learning situation in order to fit the pupils. Partnership Teaching is more than that. It builds on the notion of co-operative teaching by linking the work of two teachers with plans for curriculum improvement and staff development across the entire school (Davison, 2006).

During the 20 years most English-medium schools around the world have adopted some form of partnership or collaborative teaching in order to improve the incorporation of ESL/EAL students into the mainstream classroom and to develop more language-conscious approaches to teaching. In…… [Read More]

Theory Methodology and Human Development

Theory Methodology and Human Development

Analyze a selected topic from a social scientific perspective by doing the following

Explain the significance of a suitable question, which you have formulated, for social scientific analysis.

The impact that video games, as a form of media entertainment, have been a matter of concern for politicians, parents, and legislators. However, the results generated from the scholarly literature are not in agreement; researchers continue to disagree about the impact that video games have on people.

Analyze three research problems (i.e., subordinate questions) that will help answer the social scientific question that you have formulated.

For purposes of this research, a quantitative research design is utilized.

Question #

What is the relationship of playing video games to increased levels of obesity?

Justification:

Walsh, Gentile, Walsh, & Bennett (2006, p. 2) found that "children who spend more time playing video games are heavier, and are more likely to be classified as overweight or obese."

Rideout, Roberts, and Foehr (2004) found that the average child in America between the ages of 8 and 18 years of age spends nearly 7 hours per day with some form of electronic media, with video game playing constituting almost 2 full hours…… [Read More]

Theory-Based Research Eyle John Changing

On the part of his fellow scientists, Snow's research was resisted because it was conducted with intellectual 'leaps' of logic in his determination to find the cause, as opposed to Farr's more technical and methodological approach. Farr had the more comprehensive health surveillance program, but Snow's hypothesis and instincts were correct. Snow drew upon past studies involving smallpox, cowpox, and syphilis, to extrapolate parallel examples of how the disease was transmitted, while Farr clung to the airborne model of disease transmission popular at the time even after reviewing such studies. Farr stated that non-living or zymotic material was transmitted through the air, and hence the closer the quarters of the affected, the more apt the material would be transmitted through the air.

The commonly-held belief was that fecalized air and water were the primary conduits of the disease. Farr believed primarily that the transmission was "miasmatic" and the prevalence in certain areas like slums and prisons, where close contact by air-born bacteria was thought to be prevalent supported this conclusion. Models that confirm rather than contradict existing evidence are altogether more 'comforting' to the scientific community. To his credit, however, Farr did concede that the waters were highly polluted in…… [Read More]

Theory the World Is Too

Generally I feel the easiest and bets way of memorizing a poem is to hear it out aloud and form a mental picture of the sea described in the poem and the activities of the sea.

Types of Rehearsals

In trying to memorize information, there are basically two types of rehearsals that people engage in; the elaborative rehearsal and the maintenance rehearsal.

The elaborative rehearsal is a detailed manner of memorizing concepts by relating the words to the meaning and even their relations to other concepts within the discipline. This is as opposed to constantly repeating the word or the chunk of information in order to memorize (Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). For instance looking at a word like 'cell' you look up the meaning in the anatomy dictionary, you also find out what the purpose in the body is, you also look at the shape and draw it then see how it works. With various counts of doing this, one is able to memorize the cell and the surrounding concepts.

On the other hand, the maintenance rehearsal is mainly committed to the short-term memorizing of concepts. It relies mostly on sight or sounds of words, number and the…… [Read More]

Theory and Management of Organization Development

Theory Management Organization Development

Theory and Management of Organization Development

I work for a medium-sized company that provides services to more than 500 clients. The company was founded by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company and has been in operation for more than a decade now. In particular, I work for the IT department of my organization as an IT/network administrator. In essence, my main task is to ensure that different devices across different departments in the organization are connected together to create networks that are not only fast, but also efficient. More so, I am accountable for maintaining the links and solving any issues that might come about with regard to computer networks.

One of the issues perceived within the job realm is compensation handed towards the employees within the IT department. It is imperative to point out that the IT department is well structured and fitted with proper and competent personnel. The department always makes certain that all matters pertaining to information technology and network administration are well taken care of. The workflow in place within the IT department is where all the employees have open communication with each other and strive to be highly effectual…… [Read More]

Theory Theoretical Orientation Theoretical Orientation

This theory therefore supports the idea of "… education as a force to enhance personal grow and development & #8230; stress self-actualization; freedom and responsibility & #8230;" ( Popovic)

On the other hand, the critical/emancipatory approach as found in the writings of Paulo Freire and Ira Shor, while similar to the above, has the important difference of emphasizing the social, political and cultural context. From this point-of-view the emphasis is on the" political nature of education in a rational, learner-centered manner" (Tisdell & Taylor, 1999, p. 6)

This theoretical stance also focuses on the upliftment of the marginalized and oppressed in society and the importance of recognizing social and economic disparities. This view could also be likened to the feminist theoretical perspective.

There are of course many other theoretical orientations. The point being made, albeit very briefly, is that each of these orientations will initiate a certain teaching response and a different type of motivation and interaction in the teaching process.

In conclusion, the following insight from Bonk and Kim ( 1998) serves to stress the value and importance of theoretical and philosophical orientations.

"…the process of learning is located at the interface of people's biography and the sociocultural milieu…… [Read More]

Theory -- Horotwitz & Bartholomew

c. Other theorists (Modern Attachment Theories)

Upon the establishment and strengthening of Bowlby and Ainsworth's Attachment Theory, other theorists have developed new studies which either tested the theory or sought to apply it in different contexts or scenarios. Inevitably, most scenarios and contexts that new theorists and psychology researchers took is the path to explaining grief and bereavement. Others, however, have centered on specific aspects of the theory and sought to expound and/or test it, as Ainsworth did when Bowlby was still in the process of strengthening his attachment theory.

One such study was conducted by Schore and Schore (2008), which explored the emotion regulation aspect of the theory. In their study, the authors realized the potential of attachment theory in developing a "therapeutic intervention" from which coping on the loss of the attachment figure would be a healthier process for the individual. The authors shifted from the issue of attachment to (emotion) regulation, determining that using principles from attachment theory, the therapeutic intervention to effective and healthier coping "can repair damage and create new structure that is more able to cope with the demands of life" (18). Schore and Schore have taken on the challenge that Bowlby presented after…… [Read More]

Theory Help You to Make Sense of

Theory Help You to Make Sense of Your Own Organization and the Management Practices in Your Organization?

Too often, individuals get an idea stuck in their heads and they cannot dislodge it no matter how hard they try. In actuality though, most people who can only contrive a particular system for working, whether that be managing or running an organization, and there is no interest in change. I realize that falling back to a secure position is comforting, but it is also damaging from a growth standpoint. And, growth is the object in business; that is, aside from the fact that making money is probably the primary concern.

But making money has led to some troubling consequences in the world as businesses have grown greedy and managers have become overly authoritarian and sure of their stagnant methods. The reality is that "managing and organizing are not isolatable objects of study but are always socially imbedded, economically engaged and politically disputable" (Letiche, 2006). The reason for this is that growth is also development, and development involves change. An organization of a manager cannot stay the same or the product they are concerned with will falter. But, there is hope for the…… [Read More]

Theory How the Attachment Theory Accounts for

Theory

How the attachment theory accounts for differences in the development of social relationships in aging adults?

The attachment theory is one of the common theories in the specification of child development and growth in the world. Indeed, several influencing factors are concerned with the generation and establishment of the relationship that exists between parents and their children in the society. According to psychological understandings and studies in the world, there is a common feature of child growth and development that can be developed within the parameters of assumption and specification. For instance, it becomes very possible to have children growing and developing within the parameters and precepts set by their parents or caregivers. The attitudes and treatments from the caregiver appear to have innate influence on the general growth and development of the child (Sigelman & Rider, 2011).

According to the growth and development of the attachment theory, children are part of the regenerative entities in the human society. This is also applicable in the animal world. In a study involving monkeys, it is evident that all living creatures exhibit tenderness to the young. Evidently, it is becomes possible to have elements of concern that are directed at influencing…… [Read More]

Theory There Have Been Several

Lee, (2003).

Lee (2003) says that insecure attachments have been linked to psychiatric disorders to which the children are exposed to after the loss of the attachment figure. These children will form inability to form secure attachments, react with hostility and rejection to their environment according to Pickover, (2002). This is a phenomenon found among many immigrant children, especially who had the attachment figure back in their country of origin and yet they remained there. They tend to have a problem re-attaching themselves to any other person, hence may grow up to be violent and develop criminal trends Pickover, (2002).

Shortfalls of the attachment theory

The idea that the parents shape the personality and character is misplaced and instead it is the peers who influence character and behavior of the child. According to Harris (1998:Pp2) "parents do not shape their child's personality or character. A child's peers have more influence on them than their parents." This applied to the immigrant children as they can be seen to dramatically adopt other aspects within the U.S.A. setting in as much as they retain their original country traits. One instance is the language and physical expressions.

The aspect of nature and nurture also…… [Read More]

Theory Discussed Attempt Explain a Real Criminal

theory discussed attempt explain a real criminal crimes. Gary Ridgeway America's notorious serial killers. Your assignment analyze Ridgeway's criminal life Hans Eysenck's theory Personality.

When considering Gary Leon Ridgway's (The Green River Killer) criminal case in the context of Hans J. Eysenck's theory on personality and crime, one is likely to observe a series of parallels between the murderer's personality and behavior and a series of events that occurred throughout his life up to the moment when he became a serial killer. Eyseneck considered that genetics plays an important role in shaping one's personality and this thus points toward the belief that Ridgway was probably influenced by biological factors when he put across criminal thinking. According to Eyseneck, individuals like Ridgway have a neurophysiologic structure that influences them to express certain attitudes when they come across particular circumstances.

While someone might be inclined to think otherwise consequent to consulting the theory, it would be wrong to say that Ridgway was born a criminal, as when considering Eysenck's theory, such a person respond to a complex set of neurobiological factors, environments, and ideas. These respective factors played important roles in making Ridgway consider that it would be normal for him to…… [Read More]

Theory Whether Formal Every Group

While there are clearly circumstances where the civil society sector is at odds with the state, there are at least as many where the relationship is one of interdependence and mutual support…. The state has thus emerged in the modern era not as a displacer of nonprofit activity but as perhaps the major philanthropist… (Salamon & Anheier 1997, p. 63-64).

Evidence

Calprig is an independent statewide student organization that works on issues such as environmental protection, consumer protection, hunger and homelessness. In essence, members of Calprig desire to build a better society through a plethora of volunteer activities. The group also provides students with the opportunity to practice their effective citizenship both on and off campus. This semester, the organization focused primarily on six campaigns: The Ocean and Plastic Ban is a short-term goal to ban plastic bags in Los Angeles California; Big Agriculture, although not a lot planned for this semester focuses on introducing healthy food to people; Energy Service Subsidies, with an expressed target to educate 2,000 individuals with the knowledge of proper use of energy; Hunger and Homelessness, includes a variety of events of food donations to directly solving the issue; United for Green, which is looking…… [Read More]

Theory What Are the Major Concepts of

Theory

What are the major concepts of Ainsworth's theory?

Ainsworth's attachment theory is rooted in Bowlby's research on the bonds that develop between parent and child. Building on Bowlby's research, Ainsworth conducted a groundbreaking experiment known as the Strange Situation. Results of the Strange Situation experiment revealed three different categories of attachment styles. Ainsworth found secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment (Cherry, n.d.). Moreover, four categories of attachment style behaviors were observed. These four categories include separation anxiety, which refers to the emotional reaction to the caregiver leaving. The infant's willingness to explore in the caregiver's absence is another feature of attachment. Stranger anxiety refers to how the infant responds to strangers when the primary caregiver is absent. Finally, Ainsworth studied reunion behavior, which was how the child reacted to the return of the caregiver. Using these four parameters of attachment-related behaviors, Ainsworth developed the three primary attachment styles: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. For example, a child with high separation anxiety, who avoids interacting with strangers in the absence of the parent, and who avoids exploring in the absence of the parent, will be classified as having a secure attachment style. If an infant shows no…… [Read More]

Theory of Group Development

Group Develoment

Theory of Group Development

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Cognitive Behavior Therapy is one of the group development theories or models that are used in today's societies and institutions. The validity of making and developing groups is geared towards equitable management of the available group and behavior of people within an institution or place of work. According to Cognitive Behavior Therapy, group development is a lucrative endeavor that has to be worked on in every institution. Group behavior development refers to the concept of relaying equitable avenues of growth and development within a unified sector of human and material togetherness. There is no doubt that all human beings exist in a form or the form of groups in society. The existence and services of these groups is detrimental to the general performance and productivity of the people.

Group working and development surpasses individual performances in many regards. This is the reason why the Cognitive Behavior Therapy advocated for equitable management and development of employee behavior within workstations and in every human endeavor. There are different approaches through which human beings are categorical of resting in unity with the existent parameters of control (Arrow et al., 2000). The control measures in…… [Read More]

Theory the Stand Point Theory

The other men of the less considered races however, also express their concerns but with less conviction since the society has set them as the less privileged. The differences between them cause each to express their issues with concern; hence this theory explains the men's behavior in the film.

The standpoint theory is one that considers the way our society and the culture shapes our way of thinking and views in different ideologies and perspectives

. Using the inequalities that exist within the society shapes how we perceive each other and hence; the stand point we have as individuals are not really considered as significant. The view point is usually exhibited through the culture we show and the language we use. The culture is diverse and the identities we express are usually rooted within the individuals.

The standpoint theory consists of three ideas; the first is that our standpoint is determined by our social location and situated knowledge. The second is that we do not only belong to one particular group but we belong to more groups depending on the various inequalities among us. This can either make us one large strong group or a less powerful group

. The…… [Read More]

Theory the History of Race

In order to get beyond such shallow viewpoints, they need to merely use such differences as the starting point for their conception of people from other ethnicities, and actually get beyond that bring about an improvement in interracial relations.

As such, it is extremely interesting to note how sociological concepts of standpoint theory and systems of privilege typify many of the responses that Christenson had to opinions and statements voiced by other men in the video. For the most part, Christenson's responses either contained an element of ignorance or outright disbelief to many of the social barriers and misconceptions that the men of color spoke about. These proclivities of Christenson can widely be rationalized via standpoint theory, which poses the notion that people's system of beliefs is greatly affected by the social group they are a part of. Moreover, this theorem places a fair amount of emphasis on hegemony, a term that refers to power existent between groups of people and which provides a degree of authority and social prominence between those groups. Due to the social position Christenson occupies, that of a white male in a society in which white males represent the historical majority, this position greatly influences…… [Read More]

Theory That the Earth Revolves About the Sun

Earth Revolves Around the Sun

Is this idea/theory/episode/question an example of scientific activity? Why or why not?

It's important to bear in mind that the philosophers of hundreds of years ago didn't always believe that the Earth revolved around the sun. Many of these thinkers believed that the sun revolved around the Earth and that the Earth was the center of the universe -- with the sun and all the stars and planets revolving around it. However, the complicated movement of the sun made this a very difficult theory to support. "The Sun, however, does not merely rise in the east and set in the west. You can see for yourself that the Sun only rises directly in the east on the equinoxes: at all other times of the year, it rises in the northeast (summer) or southeast (winter). Also, the Sun moves with respect to the stars: the Sun wanders through the 12 constellations of the zodiac, coming back to its starting point after 1 year" (ucsb.edu). Thus, because the sun was making such a complicated movement, these ancient people were forced to create a very confusing model of the earth revolving around the sun. Ultimately, they discovered, that…… [Read More]

Theory of Punishment

Locke's Theory Of Punishment

John Locke was an English philosopher, who is undoubtedly the philosopher of modern times and the originator of concepts like self and identity, human nature and understanding, theory of mind and several other concepts regarding political philosophy and ethics. Born in 1632 and died in 1704, Locke is unanimously termed as the Father of Classical Liberalism since during the enlightenment era; he was amongst the most influential and widely followed scholars. Many of his works regarding liberalism and republicanism have been included into the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Constitution, due to their authenticity and practicality in real terms.

Locke also performed as a government official who was authorized to collect information regarding to trade with the entire colonies. This experience allowed him to be in close contact with the political activities and eventually led him to write upon the authorization and legislation customs for the government. His famous political works include "The Two Treatises of Government" which were published in 1689. In the first treatise, Locke pointed out and criticized several those principles and basis of the government set by Sir Robert Filmer, which were immensely against the nature of a good and legitimate government…… [Read More]

Theory the Objective of This

I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away. (Fraley, 2004)

Fraley relates that it was found in the study of Hazan and Shaver "...based on this three-category measure...that the distribution of categories was similar to that observed in infancy. In other words, about 60% of adults classified themselves as secure; about 20% described themselves as avoidant; and about 20% described themselves as anxious-resistant." (2004) While measurement in this manner was "a useful way to study the association between attachment styles and relationship functioning, it didn't allow a full test of the hypothesis in the same kinds of individual differences observed in infants might be manifest among adults." (Fraley, 2004) Fraley states that the findings of Brennan "suggested that there are two fundamental dimensions with respect to adult attachment patterns" with the first "critical variable" being one labeled 'attachment-related anxiety." (Fraley, 2004) Individuals who score high on this specific variable have worries relating to whether their partner is "available, responsive, attentive, etc." (Fraley, 2004) Individuals scoring low on this variable are stated by Fraley to be "more…… [Read More]

Theories Currently Being Used in the Field

theories currently being used in the field of nursing today. While each has their respective positive and negative points, all are useful in certain nursing settings, and can assist nurses in their positions. This paper will discuss two of those theorists, Jean Watson and Jean Piaget. Each theory will be discussed and explained, and examples of how each can be applied in the field of nursing will be discussed. This paper will show that both theories, though very different, can be useful in the field of nursing.

The Theory of Human Caring, created by Jean Watson, was originally developed based on Watson's experiences as both a teacher and in the nursing profession. According to Watson, the theory was created to explain those values of nursing that differ from the values of "curative factors," those of doctors and specialists. The Theory of Human Caring is devised based on the explicit values, practices, and knowledge of human caring that are geared toward the subjective ideas of inner healing, rather than the outer ideas of common theories, and was developed with nurses specifically in mind (Watson, 1979).

The Theory of Human Caring begins by discussing the 10 major carative factors, now generally thought…… [Read More]

Theory Its Usefulness in the Workplace Today

theory: Its usefulness in the workplace today

Attachment theory has its origins in the study of animals. Watching geese 'imprint' upon the first living being they encounter after hatching or researchers observing how baby monkeys thrive when given terry cloth mothers, as opposed to wire mothers, are all examples of attachment theory in action. Attachment theory reinforces the psychodynamic notion that early experiences are seminal and seismic in shaping the human psyche and the way human beings relate to one another. As applied to humans, attachment theory suggests that parents who respond in a positive way to their infant's needs formulate the character of the child in such a way to enable him or her to feel secure in his or her relationships. In contrast, parents who create bonds of insecure attachment by being smothering or rejecting will foster behavioral patterns in their children that are negative, rather than positive. The child's future personality development becomes unfulfilling: avoidant and resistant personality types either passively or actively show hostility toward the parent while anxious types are overly dependant upon external parental reinforcement and praise (Attachment theory, 2002, Great ideas). On a macro scale, a general parenting style adopted by a culture,…… [Read More]

Theory in Unearthing the Mechanism

The advantages of network use are apparent enough and from such an obvious position, it is interesting that there is an inadequacy in the understanding of the processes by which networks function. Thus, the article focuses on the role of network governance and its impact on network effectiveness.

The authors demonstrate that network effectiveness while not entirely illusive is a difficult prospect. This phenomenon is multifaceted and multi-tiered and consequently the solutions that are engaged to create network effectiveness must align themselves with this particular reality. The problems of explicating effectiveness begin at the level of conceptualization and measurement. They note that despite these theoretical impediments effectiveness requires a measure of articulation.

The authors contrast organizational as opposed to network governance and suggests that most of the literature on the subject of governance does not specifically address the issues of the role of networks in the governance dynamic. The establishment of several propositions based on their theoretical assessment allows them to test the basic. Because of the inherent limitations with network analysis theory, primarily its failure to assess networks themselves but rather the nodes and other components. The researchers choose to use a theory of networks as a form of…… [Read More]

Theory About Something but Not Many People

theory about something, but not many people realize exactly what defines a theory. While there are as many definitions of a "theory," "generally speaking, a theory is an abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that help us understand a phenomenon." ("SPC3210, Chapter 1") When discussing a theory, it is important to understand that the application of a theory is dependent upon the level of generality. For instance, a theory about communications can apply to the all humans in general, or a specific group of people, or just very specific people in specific circumstances. But whether the theory is "Grand," "Mid-Level," or "Narrow," it must contain a number of specific goals which "can include explanation, understanding, prediction, and social change…." ("SPC3210, Chapter 1") Theories attempt to explain certain phenomena, then based on patterns recognized by the theory, predict something, and finally can cause social change based on the theory.

Because of this definition, theory, which may be an abstract idea, can be used to explain and understand concrete experiences. Furthermore, they not only allow for predictions about phenomena, but the ability to cause change in that phenomena. Therefore, human experience is often interpreted by whatever…… [Read More]