Trafficking in Developing Countries

¶ … Dreams Deferred Trafficking and Prostitution in the Developing World The world can be a harsh place, especially if you live in a developing nation, and especially if you are a woman. Lack of food and adequate housing, lack of access to good educational and medical facilities, an oppressive, often male-dominated social system - these are just some of the problems faced by millions of women each and every day of their lives. For most there is no hope of escape.

Each new dawn brings with it the same sense of despair; the same feeling that one is a prisoner of one's fate. Change is slow in the developing world. Progress, if it comes at all, comes only very gradually, painfully, and often at a high price. Many of the nations of the Third World were only recently communist, or colonies of the Western powers. Many still have one foot in the Middle Ages or even before. Women wash their clothes in the rivers as they have done for centuries.

They trundle off to work in the fields or labor long hours in unsafe factories. Whatever they do, they make less than their male counterparts, and almost certainly less than a living wage. Yet as they hurry through the streets of their village, or down the avenues of their decaying cities, they sometimes catch glimpses of another world. It comes in a fast-moving blur, a shiny hunk of metal which races past them at top speed.

Maybe they have a television, and through its magical images see into another place - a wondrous place where the streets are filled with fast cars, and women come home from work in expensive suits, and pop ready-made meals into the microwave, while fresh-scrubbed children with Walkmans throw their schoolbooks down in front of the brand new computer. These women of the Third World know that a better place exists. They know that if they could only get there their lives would be completely different.

But who has the money? You scrimp and you save but...what about that man who said he can bring you to Italy or France, or Germany? It won't cost you anything. And when you get there, there'll be a nice family waiting for you. You'll be their maid, or maybe their au pair. Sounds great, doesn't it? Like a dream. Too often, however, this dream is nothing more than a nightmare.

According to the Human Rights Law Group, more than 700,000 people each year - mostly women and children - are smuggled across international borders. Promised good jobs and a better life, they find themselves instead working in a sweatshop, on a farm, or even in a brothel. The nice house or apartment they were planning on moving into turns out to be a filthy hole in some slum, or a rusting shed at the edge of a muddy field. Many answered advertisements promising them a good job and a good salary.

Others were literally sold into this life by "friends" or relatives. Their captors threaten them with violence if they try to speak out. They tell them that terrible things will happen to their loved ones back home if they go to the authorities. Root causes of trafficking include greed, moral turpitude, economics, political instability and transition, and social factors. Many traffickers are involved in other transnational crimes.

Criminal groups choose to traffic in human beings as well because it is high-profit and often up to now low risk, because unlike other "commodities" people can be used repeatedly, and because trafficking does not require a large capital investment. They have little respect for the rights or dignity of their victims." This modern day slave trade not only deprives millions of people of their basic human rights, it also hurts millions and millions more by driving down wages and preventing an improvement in working and living conditions.

With such cheap labor readily available, factory and farm owners do not have put money into improving conditions or methods of production. Domestic laborers are thrown out of work, thus further exacerbating the social and economic situation inside the countries that are the destination of the slavers. Furthermore, many of these unfortunate women end up in "occupations" that are inherently dangerous or otherwise illegal. To be forced into a life of prostitution is to be denied one's human dignity.

Such an action represents a very real rape of the individuals who are forced to endure this fate. Women who are forced into prostitution are subjected to the fullest range of abuse and degradation. Even those who freely choose this calling often fall victim to the whims of procurers. They are beaten, purposely addicted to narcotics, and prevented from making contact with their families.

And how much worse these conditions must be for the thousands upon thousands of women who are torn from their homelands, and forcibly brought to places where they know no one. Alone in a strange country, unable to speak the language, fearing arrest should their status as "illegal immigrants" be discovered; these women are in the worst position of all. People, who had formerly considered themselves to be religious and morally upstanding, find their lives turned upside down.

Compelled by the sheer brutality of this trade to perform acts that are reprehensible to them, they are shorn of even a modicum of self-worth. Emotionally healthy young women come to feel revulsion for their way of life and even for their own selves. A great number of the forms of employment these female slaves are made to endure bring with them injury and disease.

Prostitution presents the threat not only of physical assault - or in the worst cases loss of life - but also the threat of infection with an STD, or possibly even AIDS. Even those who manage to escape risk permanent damage to their health and general well-being as a result of the time they spent in bondage. The Balkans is one of the global hotbeds of this illicit traffic in human beings.

The collapse of communism, and the resulting breakdown in the local economies has created a chaotic situation in which law and order have little place. The region's multitude of ethnic and religious groups are at each other's throats, and crime in general is rampant. Since the demise of the old order, powerful crime syndicates have emerged that do a thriving business in both the drug trade, and the trade in human souls.

These activities go not only toward lining the pockets of the gang kingpins, but also toward providing funds for the purchase of munitions. The armaments are then funneled to the various rebel groups. In an average year, the Balkan crime syndicates make billions of dollars from these enterprises. An estimated one million women each year are sold as sex slaves, the Balkans being the single biggest marketplace of all.

Every year, two hundred thousand women pass through this region, some of them destined for Western Europe, other for the tiny brothel that are scattered across Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo. Many of the Albanian sex slaves end up in Italy, their numbers having grown from 100 in 1991 to more than 33,000 today. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is calculated that there at least 2,500 sex slaves in the country at any one time. Large numbers of these women are employed at brothels strategically placed near NATO bases.

In fact, collusion of authorities or of those who are supposed to be enforcing the law is a major problem. While NATO has formed a task force that has raided nearly one hundred bars and clubs, there are many foreign nationals whose motives are not so noble. Romanian, British, and American soldiers have been accused of patronizing the "dancers" at these clubs.

And according to Katharine Bolkovac, a policewoman from Lincoln, NE who was posted to Bosnia as a security officer by the DynCorp, the British-American firm that provides NATO's police in the region, American and British soldiers often engage directly in the abuses of the trade. Her claims that soldiers buy and sell sex slaves, and accept bribes from the brothel owners resulted in her dismissal by DynCorp. A spokesman for Serbia's interior ministry, Lt. Col.

Ivan Djordjevic, says that Serbia and Montenegro have become, "A 'transit country' for most forms of organized crime, including human trafficking." As an example of Serbian officials' strong commitment to enforcement of the laws against Trafficking may be quoted the fact that, according to its own figures, it managed to free a grand total of five of the 1,200 women it says were being held illegally in 2000.

Though enforcement has increased somewhat, with some major raids carried out this year, and 150 suspects arrested, the illegal trade still flourishes in the war-torn nation, especially in UN administered Kosovo. Sadly, the story is no different in other parts of the world. Shared Hope, an organization that has attempted to aid these desperate women, confirms the fact that governments often do little to interfere with the trade.

Linda Smith, a former congresswoman and now a leading activist in Shared Hope, has opened nineteen homes for trafficked women in Jamaica, India, and Nepal. Testifying before the House International Relations Committee on June 14th of this year, she had the following to say: In the three countries where Shared Hope is working, we have seen no significant evidence of positive or effective government action to curb the trafficking problem. There have been very few prosecutions of traffickers in India and Nepal.

There has been very little work done to change what we see as continued tolerance for children being used and abused. There has been very little done to inform and educate women about the dangers of trafficking or to provide legal safeguards for women.

We want to continue to shine a bright light on countries where human trafficking is still rampant...the trafficking bill will not be an effective tool for change unless we tell the truth about what is really going on in countries where we know human trafficking is a problem." In Nepal and India, as in Kosovo and other Balkan nations, the job of helping trafficking victims is largely left up to private organizations. Over and over again, these groups hear the same horror stories.

No matter the place, the pattern is the same. A country torn by strife is stripped of its moral cloak. Even women who are not directly involved in the traffic are subject to its baleful influences. Shorn of their dignity and of their dreams for the future, they are easy victims of the false promises and disingenuous offers of assistance that are held out to them. A man from my neighborhood raped me when I was 15. I went to the police. Everyone knew what happened to me.

I started having problems with my friends and with my family. I was so ashamed! One day, one year later, a friend of mine, he is older than me, told me he could help me to get a job in Macedonia; I had the opportunity to leave all the bad things behind. The man drove me to a village close to Gostivar I remember he paid 200DM to a taxi driver to bring me through the border.

Once in Macedonia I was brought to a bar and told I should work there as a waitress for 10DM per day. I was accommodated in a house together with other girls from Moldavia and Russia. I think they were Russians. None of us was free to leave the house during the day, we were obliged to stay indoor until we would go the bar." However, there is a light at the end of the tunnel.

Organizations such as the United States Association for International Migration, and Shared Hope are helping these women and girls to put their lives back together. In Moldova for example, the saved have been provided with emergency shelters, medical care and psychological counseling, and legal advice. They have also been given a much-needed "Dignifying Return Package." This care package includes clothing, shoes, and even toys for those victims with children back home - all so these women can make a dignified to return to their families and friends back home.

In addition, as a result of pressure from these philanthropic organizations, local authorities have begun to do more to combat this very serious problem. In Moldova as well, records show that police raids have been responsible for some two-thirds of the liberations that have taken place. Still, approximately one-third of the women and girls have bravely managed to make their own escapes, while a microscopic percentage has, after several months of "good service," been freed by their masters.

Yet even in these cases, the counseling and other help offered by charities is invaluable. Women who have been held under these circumstances suffer from a host of psychological traumas. The longer a woman has been held, the more severe the long-term effects on her mental and emotional health. Experts have concluded that trafficking victims will tend to suffer from one or more of the following psychological disorders: Acute Stress Reaction, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Adjustment Disorder, and Dissociation Leading to Acts of Deliberate Self-Harm.

It is as if these women have been exposed to combat under heavy fire. In the Ukraine, an organization called La Strada-Ukraine, provides a wide range of services both to help the victims of trafficking, and also to prevent future instances of these terrible abuses from occurring. The programs cover everything from increasing public awareness of the illicit trade - lack of public knowledge is a major problem - to emergency hotlines for kidnapped women.

The following is a full list of La Strada-Ukraine's activities: Providing a broad range of assistance for trafficked persons; Maintenance of a "hot line" for emergency telephone assistance; Researching the problem of violence against women; Providing expertise on legislation in an advisory capacity concerning women's status in Ukraine; Conducting educational programs among youth on the problem of women's rights, prevention of trafficking in women and other kinds of violence and exploitation; Cooperation with mass media, distribution of the information about the issues; Publishing and distributing materials, bulletins, leaflets; Conducting seminars and conferences; Cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations in Ukraine and abroad with the goals of preventing trafficking in women and providing assistance for trafficked persons; Cooperation with law enforcement bodies and lawyers in the field of improving Ukrainian legislation concerning trafficking in human beings, and trafficked persons' protection.

Only with the help of organizations such as these can any real progress be made toward the alleviation and eventual elimination of these horrors. Making sure that the public is fully aware of what is going on around them is absolutely essential, both in those nations that have been ravaged by the trade, as well as in those rich and powerful nations that have the resources to help.

Each and every one of the countries that suffers most from these depredations is plagued by the same problems of political corruption, judicial laxity, poverty, and a lack of funds and manpower to combat these and other social ills. By making the American and Western European public aware of what is going on in the world around them, groups such as Shared Hope, the Human Rights Law Group, La Strada-Ukraine, and the United States Association for International Migration can obtain the funds and assistance they so desperately require.

These political and economic powerhouses have the necessary leverage to effect change in the developing world. By being politically and socially active in the West, charitable organizations can.