Understanding Key Terminologies in Criminal Justice

¶ … criminal justice system by providing the essential definition of terms like Antidotal, Qualitative, and Quantitative Evidence. 'Justice' in the context criminal justice is also defined. The definitions in this study extend to include endnotes, footnotes, crime control, rehabilitative, due process, and nonintervention. The aspect of racial profiling like racism, bias, prejudice, bigotry, and discrimination in criminal justice is also addressed in detail. Anecdotal evidence defines evidence established through anecdotes. The small sample allows for larger probabilities in realizing unreliable information due to non-representative or otherwise cherry-picked samples for typical cases.

An example of anecdotal statement is 'There is proof that water can cure cancer. I read of a man suffering from cancer and was cured after drinking'. Qualitative evidence is sourced from methods of inquiry engaged in different academic disciplines and traditional forms of social sciences. However, it also includes further contexts and market research. Qualitative research aims at gathering in-depth knowledge of human behavior, as well as reasons governing the behavior.

Examples include grounded theory, ethnographic research, critical social research, ethical inquiry, foundational research and philosophical research (Neubauer and Fradella 67). Quantitative evidence avails an overall picture for a given geographical or population region. The scope often uses the measure of trends across time. The evidence type is valuable in describing what, who, when and where. For example, 'the painting was 15 inches long and 14 inches wide. Question Two Footnotes are categorized as notes within the page's foot.

The endnotes are gathered under separate headings within a chapter's end of that of the entire work or volume. Endnotes have an advantage of not influencing the main text's layout even though it may cause several inconveniences to readers. This arises from a desire to keep moving between the endnotes and the main text. Endnotes and Footnotes are engaged in giving credit towards sources of materials borrowed, paraphrased or summarized (Stojkovic, Kalinich and Klofas 98).

They have an intention of referring readers towards exact pages for works listed in References, Bibliography, or Works Cited sections. The integral differences between Endnotes and Footnotes are that Footnotes have a numerical placement within the foot for each page where direct in-text references are made. Endnotes are numerically placed within the essay's end across separate pages marked as Endnotes or Notes. Single sentences are used for Footnotes and Endnotes citation, and only one full stop, or period are exclaimed to serve each Endnote or Footnote citation.

Bibliography allows each citation to have close to three sentences or statements where each entry solicits minimal elements of three periods each. Question Three A well-written essay offers an envisioned concept of a five-part project. All essays are comprised of an Introduction, the body (three main points), and a Conclusion. The sequence is an introduction; point one, point two, point three and a conclusion. With respect to the breadth and length of the essay, the paper may have even more main points.

However, the application of the structure allows for an envisioned scope of the paper through ease in application. The conclusion allows the author to restate the introduction. The conclusion reiterates on points 1, 2, and 3. The section is helpful in tracing the argument as established within the entire essay. One of the techniques for achieving this includes creating proof that looks for facts and supportive evidence (Neubauer and Fradella 87).

Question Four The retributivist justice approach understands that a person does a wrongful action; the aggrieved party or the community must have an active response to it. The implications befall him or her, in person individual, not in the calculation of extensive welfare. Actions leading to the contrary are aimed at disrespecting him or her as a human being. Wrongdoing should be made good or balanced through some ways while criminals deserve subsequent punishment. The expression is that each guilty person deserves requisite punishment (Maxfield and Babbie 82).

On the other hand, the alternative argument is that retributivism bears mere revenge in its disguise. Restorative justice defines the approach towards justice that focuses towards needs of offenders and victims other than satisfying the abstract legal principles and punishing the offenders. Victims have active roles in the entire process, and offenders should take responsibility in making good their actions (Stuntz 72). The concept includes repairing the harm done through an apologizing, community service, or returning stolen money.

The approach refers to the theory of justice which considers wrongdoing and crime as offenses against the community or an individual above the state. Question Five Crime control defines methods established towards reducing crime within the society. Penology focuses on the usage of more criminal penalties in deterring people away from committing crimes and incapacitating those with a history of committing crimes from making repeat offenses permanently or temporarily (Stuntz 98).

Rehabilitation refers to re-integration into a society for convicted persons where the major objective within modern penal policy involves counter habitual offending and criminal recidivism. Alternate imprisonment elements include probation orders, community service, and other forms that entail aftercare and guidance towards offenders (Siegel & Worrall 76). Due process is a legal requirement where a state must respect the rights owed to an individual. Due process means notices as determined by courts and offering subsequent forms of notice suffice.

The nonintervention theory defines a "hands off" technique in the delegation of juvenile justice. Such philosophy is popular within the 1970s while responding to the dissatisfaction of juvenile justice court systems and subsequent failures of effectively handling delinquent behavior. Question Six Racial profiling depicted by law enforcement is defined as practices of targeting individuals for crime suspicion based on national origin and religion.

Creation of profiles on the forms of people commits certain forms of crimes lead officers into generalizing on a particular group and acting based on the generalization instead of specific behavior (Stojkovic, Kalinich and Klofas 91). Racial profiling causes multiple problems in criminal justice (Neubauer and Fradella 79). Various law enforcement agencies go through expensive litigation suits due to civil rights concerns. The unstable relationships between police and the public make policing problematic.

Racial profiling is highly ineffective in policing as a strategy for criminals because is shifts focus from the criminal activities to ones unrelated to the crime. The government's work to racial profiling includes major initiatives through litigation, advocacy, and public education, as well as lobbying for anti-profiling legislation and data collection passage. The concerned agencies also litigate on behalf of individuals with a history of victimization practices by government agencies, airlines, and police (Siegel &.