Ulcer Many people say that an ulcer is caused by stress whereas scientific journals states that it is caused by bacteria. Actually, ulcer has traditionally been thought as a condition brought by stress as well as the consumption of coffee and spicy foods. Generally, an ulcer was believed to be a by-product of lifestyle factors like diet and stress. In the past few years, it has emerged that an ulcer is

Peptic Ulcer Disease: Pathophysiology A peptic ulcer can be defined as "a focal mucosal defect with inflammatory cell infiltration and coagulation necrosis extending through the muscularis mucosae" (Halter, 1995, p. 2). Contrary to erosion, a peptic ulcer extends beyond the epithelial structures into that intestinal tract section that happens to be in constant contact with pepsin and acid-containing gastric juice (Halter, 1995). Peptic ulcers cause an imbalance between the gastro duodenal

Peptic ulcer, often known as a peptic ulcer disease, is a painful condition of the abdomen resulting in mucosal erosion of the gastrointestinal tract usually by excessive acid (consult, 2007) these erosions can only be categorized as peptic ulcers if they are larger than 0.5cm in diameter. Peptic ulcers can be classified according to the location where they appear hence the ulcers occurring in the duodenum are known as duodenal

Discussions 1 The mechanics of breathing are greatly compromised in each of the cases in the following manners: infant respiratory distress syndrome leads air sacs to collapse when air is expired and increases the energy needed to breathe; emphysema leads to air sacs becoming damaged and enlarged, which makes it difficult to breathe; and pulmonary fibrosis leads to air sacs becoming scarred, which makes it difficult to breathe. The physiology that plays a

performing a clean and sterile technique wound dressing change. The term sterile refers to being free from microorganisms, making the sterile technique method one that reduces exposure to microorganisms in a comprehensive way. Sterile wound dressing changes would mean meticulous hand washing, the use of sterile field, use of sterile gloves, and sterile instruments (Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society (Potter, et al., 2013; WOCN, 2012). The sterile techniques would

Pathophysiology of Gastric Acid Stimulation and Production The human body produces gastric acid in the stomach, primarily to digest proteins (Anand, 2015; Huether & McCance, 2012). It is composed o hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. It digests proteins through the action of digestive enzymes and allowing digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids from digested proteins. The production of gastric acid us regulated by the autonomous nervous system