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Homeland Security Act
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center last September 11, 2001 highlighted the growing need to safeguard domestic security. One of the Bush government's responses was the passage of the Homeland Security Act during the 107th Congress. This law provides the Bush government a legal and executive basis to respond to terrorism.
This paper examines some of the effects of and changes that have taken place since the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The first part of the paper looks at how the passage of the law has affected the federal bureaucracy. The second part then looks at the more specific effects of this federal law on the state of Texas. In the last part, the paper examines some of the economic effects the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
Federal law
The most immediate change wrought by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 was the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). With an estimated 170,000 employees, this department is the largest federal bureaucracy ever created. The department is currently headed by Secretary Tom Ridge ("ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002").
In addition to the establishment of the DHS, key provisions of the Homeland Security Act include the establishment of the Directorate for Information Analysis and Infrastructure. This Directorate is headed by a Department Under Secretary, under the authority of Tom Ridge.
An important provision -- the Critical Infrastructure Information Act -- also provides for exemptions from the Freedom of Information Act. These exemptions allow government and federal agencies to share information previously protected under privacy laws (ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002").
Proponents of the Homeland Securities Act laud the new measure for providing the federal government the flexibility to create its own personnel department, without undue influence and delay from the ongoing politicking in Congress. Corollary to this, the new DHS will also ensure that the fledgling department will have the necessary financial resources to allow the government to address the changes brought on by terrorism (Scardaville).
Prior to the passage of the Homeland Security Act, federal responses to such tragedies have been, at best, fragmented. As illustrated by the confusion after the World Trade Center attacks, federal response to such emergencies have...
Instead of improving government response, critics charge that the law only contributes to an already-bloated government bureaucracy.
Furthermore, analysts charge that by creating an umbrella cabinet bureau, the new law undermines state and local authority.
Analysts like Jennifer Van Bergen further cite the Homeland Security Act's potential to promote a form of "federal militarization." These include the Act's measures to establish Military Tribunals outside the normal constitutional protections. Already, "unlawful enemy combatants" like the detainees in Guantanamo are denied hearings and legal representation. Many immigrants are additionally detained for indefinite periods, even if they are not identified as dangers to the country (Van Bergen).
Critics thus charge that these measures have the effect of eroding the checks and balances that regulate the federal government.
By expanding the powers of the government beyond those already provided in the Constitution, the federal government's mandate is significantly changed.
Instead of protecting the American populace, many analysts find that the Homeland Security Act has the potential to erode the civil liberties they are mandated to protect.
Local effects
Like many state governments, the Texas government has used provisions of the Homeland Security Act to further build on emergency measures that have already been set in place. Prior to the passage of the law, Texas Governor Rick Perry has funded the Division of Emergency Management (DEM), under the auspices of the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). This program was created to provide the state with a way to address emergencies such as the September 11 attacks.
The passage of the Homeland Security Act allowed Texas to create the Texas Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)/Terrorism Preparedness Program, to be run und the Texas Dem program. The…
Works Cited
ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002." ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002. 19 December 2002. The American Society. 18 March 2004 http://www.asse.org/govupdate_12-19-02_homeland.htm.
Bush, George. "Homeland Security Presidential Directive/Hspd-7." News releases. December 2003. The White House. 18 March 2004 http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031217-5.html.
Homeland Security Regulations May Affect Maquilas at Texas-Mexico Border." The Monitor 15 July 2003: 1+15.
Scardaville, Michael. "The Homeland Security Act of 2002: An Analysis." Web Memo. 24 July 2002. The Heritage Organization. 18 March 2004 http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/WM131.cfm.
Texas DEM Terrorism Preparedness Program." Division of Emergency Management, Texas Department of Public Safety. March 2004. Texas Department of Public Safety. 18 March 2004 http://www.demwmd.net/index.cfm?PageID=86.
Van Bergen, Jennifer. "Homeland Security Act: The Rise of the American Police State (Part 3)." truthout 4 December 2002. 18 March 2004 http://www.truthout.org/docs_02/12.05B.jvb.hsa.3.htm.
However, a variety of weaknesses still continue the most notable would include: a decentralized system, no standardized protocol for evaluating container packages and a lack of training. This is significant, because it highlights an obvious weakness that has not been addressed in the aftermaths of the September 11th terrorist attacks. If such issues are not addressed, it could mean that the improvements in other areas are ineffective, as terrorists
However, information sharing is not indicative of any overall advancement in counterterrorism activity but is certainly a sign of an expanding bureaucracy. According to David Rittgers, DHS fusion centers do little more than label anyone who is critical of the federal government as a potential terrorist. Rittgers reports that DHS analysts are "labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security." With the passing of the National
In addition to this, the transportation security administration, customs and boarder protection department, citizenship and immigration services, immigration and customs enforcement, secret service, federal emergency management, and coast guard are part of the Department of Homeland Security (Department of Homeland Security 2008). This organizational structure, while certainly extensive, is rather complex. Although the department has undergone serious transformations since its creation, the Washington Post called it "hampered by severe
DHS The United States Department of Homeland Security was formed in response to the growing threat of international terrorism. Since its official inception in 2002, the Department's mandate has expanded to encompass immigration law enforcement and bolstered response to natural disasters affecting the United States. The DHS represented a significant restructuring of several American federal government agencies. The stated mission of the Department of Homeland Security, indicated on the Department's Web site,
On the other hand, the Department in itself was projected to deal with a large number of aspects surrounding homeland security. The arguments supporting the idea were focused on the principle that the citizens must be protected from foreign threats, such as terrorism, and they must be given the help needed to face the treacheries of nature. In aiming to accomplish the latter, the Federal Emergency Management Directorate was established.
This is because DHS has maintained that it is established not to work alone in enhancing security and safety of the people but in collaborating with all the U.S. departments and agencies, as long as it uphold the overall vision of the department - to protect and provide security to the people. Thus, it can be viewed that DHS is logically organized as it provide venues for different governmental and