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Human trafficking, rampant in almost all countries in the world, still unexpectedly continues in the United States with the forced exploitation of humans into forced labor or sexual exploitation. The United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 defines human trafficking as:
Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age, OR
The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery (Victims of Violence and Protection Act, 2000)
Almost non-existent here as compared to other countries where it is second only to drugs, according to the Washington Post (2008) only 1,362 cases of foreign victims of human trafficking have been identified here since 2000. Responding to the Post, Hughes of the National Review countered that the local phenomena is more severe than generally known. Cases are discovered from instances of victims who apply for certification, but not all apply for certification due to the fact that, amongst other reasons, some individuals are required to testify against conscriptors and become involved in investigations (an element that is required by certification). Victims are physically and psychologically battered, and know that if they will not be harmed there family will be harmed in their stead if police were to become aware of her circumstances. It is for this reason that hotlines instituted for such victims have failed, for in the infrequent cases when victims seek help, they call their family rather than the police or professional agencies (Markon, 2008).
Whilst human trafficking has become a serious social problem in many parts of the Unites States causing both federal and state authorities to become actively involved in...
This is a hidden population and finding and quantifying the extent of the unobserved is difficult if not impossible.
Background and summarize five related research models: usefulness, flaws and strengths
1. The Norwegian Plan of Action for Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (Brunovski & Tyldum, 2004) investigated mechanisms that make sexual exploitation possible. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were integrated with Capture-Recapture assessments of women in street prostitution, telephone surveys of individuals involved in the various escort and other prostitution industries, in-depth interviews with victims of trafficking and other respondents. The study did not enable them to estimate the number of individuals who were annually trafficked in Norway nor did it provide information on how they exploited, although it did provide researchers with some idea of how the project succeeded.
2. Heather, Dutch, & Cummings (2006) conducted an exploratory study with personnel involved in controlling and investigating cases of human trafficking in order to investigate the extent of their knowledge on the subjects. A total of 121 telephone surveys with State and other local law enforcement personnel in cities across America supplemented by interviews with managers from agencies involved in law enforcement of human trafficking; online discussion forums with three anti-trafficking task forces and case reviews conducted on nine closed federal cases that were involved with human trafficking related that a significant number of personnel were not fully informed about the nature, prevalence, and patterns of human trafficking. The researchers provide recommendations to improve their knowledge. Whilst helpful in that it may provide insight into a peripheral reason as to…
References
Brunovskis, A., & Tyldum, G. (2004) .Crossing borders: an empirical study of transnational prostitution and trafficking in human beings, Fafo report 426, Oslo.
Heather J. Clawson; Nicole Dutch; & Megan Cummings. (2006). Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking and the Implications for Victims: Current Practices and Lessons Learned National Institute of Justice/NCJRS, USA
Logan, TK, Walker, R., & Hunt, G (2009). Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse, 10, 1 3-30
Markon, J. (May 24, 2008). "Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence." The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/22/AR2007092201401_pf.html.
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf
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