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Intelligence
The Creation and Performance of a True U.S. Intelligence Community
The emergence of a true U.S. intelligence community did not occur until late during World War II. The primary deficiency in U.S. intelligence up until that point was the complete lack of coordination of information and operations between the various intelligence agencies that were, by and large, military affairs. Army Intelligence didn't necessarily communicate effectively with Navy Intelligence, and so on. The only potential for coordination was the slim chance that it would occur as various reports passed across the desk of the President.
FDR recognized this problem during World War II and appointed William Donovan to draft a plan for a more cohesive intelligence service in the United States ("United States Intelligence"). The argument stood, and not incorrectly, that if U.S. intelligence had been more efficient and coordinated it might have been possible to prevent the tragic attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, just as the eventual crack of the Japanese military codes led to the successful defeat of the Japanese forces at Midway Island in 1942. Donovan's plan was the creation of the Office of Strategic Services, which collected and analyzed information that would be required and used throughout the rest of the war for all clandestine operations.
By 1945, the OSS was abolished and by 1947 the National Security Act had completely transferred the task of espionage and intelligence from military to civilian hands ("United States Intelligence"). This transfer set the stage for the successes and failures of the U.S. intelligence community during the early Cold War. It meant that U.S. intelligence was much more greatly coordinated and more aggressively implemented during that period to some apparent success. But it also meant that these new civilian agencies did not have the legacy of experience with espionage that existed within the military intelligence community. The end result was a higher degree of coordination during the early Cold War, which improved the level of intelligence and communication and helped create the U.S.'s first true intelligence community.
Works Cited
United States Intelligence, History." Espionage Information: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007 http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ul-Vo/United-States-Intelligence-History.html.
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