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Rats are commonly used for their size (creating the animal-sized scanners is so expensive they are commonly not used in veterinary medicine even for dogs and cats) and the fact that rats breed quickly (PET, 2011, New World Encyclopedia). Lab rats have also been bred to ensure that they have similar enough genetic profiles to the humans the drugs will eventually be used upon, and even more specific populations have been bred to manifest the types of cancers detected by PET scans. Acute toxicity studies are ideally conducted using the means of transmission deployed with the eventual human subjects, which this new technology permits.
According to FDA guidelines, the minimum amount of animals should be used to determine toxicity, contrary to previous ways of determining potential lethality. "Animals should be observed for 14 days after pharmaceutical administration. All mortalities, clinical signs, time of onset, duration, and reversibility of toxicity should be recorded. Gross necropsies should be performed on all animals, including those sacrificed moribund, found dead, or terminated at 14 days" (Guidance, 2006, CDER).
Prostate cancer is one of the drugs currently tested in imaging. "The androgen receptor may therefore play a key role in the biologic behavior of prostate cancer. For this reason, PET of androgen receptors, especially in the patient whose disease is progressing despite low androgen levels, may be highly revealing" (Zanzonico 2004). Given the high mortality rate and the need for additional testing and experimentation using PET scans upon this variety of cancer, using rats in drug trials for PET...
Not only is there suitable technology to replicate the procedure on humans -- genetically similar populations of rats designed to have a predisposition to develop prostate cancer can also be used.
References
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. (2011). FDA. Retrieved August 19, 2011 at
21 http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=315&showFR=1
Guidance. (2009). FDA. Retrieved August 19, 2011 at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070306.pdf
Guidance for industry. (2006). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER).
Retrieved August 19, 2011 at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm079270.pdf
Kimball, J. (2011). Testing new drugs. Biology Pages. Retrieved August 19, 2011 at http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DrugTrials.html
PET: Q&A. (2011). Retrieved August 19, 2011 at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/Manufacturing/ucm193476.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Positron_emission_tomography
http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/45/11/1966.full
neoplasm: "abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should" ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) benign: noncancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) malignant: cancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) carcinoma: "Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs," ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) sarcoma: "A type of cancer that begins in
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Care of Cancer Cancer has overtaken HIV / AIDS and malaria to top the list of headaches for medical departments and policy makers alike. In 2012, cancer claimed a massive 8.2 million lives, with breast, colorectal, stomach, lung, and liver cancers accounting for more than three-quarters of these. Alcohol and tobacco use, lack of physical activity, low vegetable and fruit intake, and high body mass index have been found to
...It can spot moderate to severe dysplasia (irregular tissue), "some of which may turn out to be malignant and you'll have a case of lung cancer," he explains. Patients with dysplasia can then be closely monitored, and if cancer appears, it can be treated in its earliest stages. The second diagnostic tool is an imaging agent called Nofetumomab (verluma). Approved by FDA in 1996, it can determine the extent of
3%) are very satisfied with their health care services, compared to only 41.5% of Canadians; a lower proportion of Americans are dissatisfied (6.8%) than Canadians (8.5%). Atlas (2009) acknowledge that Americans have much better access to important new technologies like medical imaging than patients in Canada or the U.K. Maligned as a waste by economists and policymakers naive to actual medical practice, an overwhelming majority of leading American physicians identified computerized
Consent Meaning and importance of informed consent Elements of full informed consent A Case Example Fictional scenario of a client/client issue 3 Meaning and importance of informed consent The process where rights of a patient to information about a certain treatment procedure are clearly and completely disclosed to a patient by the treating health care provider so that the patient is able to make voluntary choices to either accept or to refuse treatment is termed