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Other hypothesized functions include regulation of "viral function and human cancer" (Miska).
Identification
Scientists Ke, Liu, Liu, and Liang (2003) have listed the identification markers for miRNAs. To be identified as miRNAs, RNAs must: be single-stranded and between 21 and 25 nucleotides; be "cleaved from one arm of a longer endogenous double-stranded hairpin precursor" by the enzyme Dicer; exactly match genomic regions for encoding double-stranded precursor RNAs; be phylogenetically conserved with their "predicted precursor secondary structures"; be able to be confirmed with their precursors by northern blots; and miRNA precursors must aggregate whenever Dicer is wiped out in its original form (Ke and al).
Role in Gene Expression
miRNAs are uniquely suited for gene regulation, even more so than traditional protein regulators (Ke and al). For example, miRNAs are matched with targets on an "exquisitely specific" level, they can be generated more or less rapidly depending on current requirements due to their tiny size (this feature "may facilitate the precise temporal regulation, especially in developmental transitions via miRNAs"), miRNA biogenesis and deterioration are highly efficient, the numbers of various miRNAs thought to exist and pair with multiple targets via "different base-pairing modes" are astounding, a simple step could potentially create a novel complementary miRNA out of a duplicated fragment of a target gene (in the appropriate context), and miRNAs are uniquely suited to regulate genes via simple steric interference (Ke and al).
miRNAs have the...
Specific gene-regulating roles involve: cell division; organism physiology; "chromatin remodeling; gene transcription"; RNA processing, location, transport, and stability; "translation efficiency"; protein regulations, and even second center gene regulatory network processes (Ke and al).
Overall, miRNAs, possible complimentary proteins, and their targets are involved in highly sophisticated networks of gene regulation (Fang and James). The variation in functions is vast and still mostly theoretical. This complexity is partly to that fact that even a single miRNA from either an intergenic or intronic region "can bind to and regulate" multiple targets; moreover, various miRNAs can bind and control a single target (Fang and James).
References
Fang, Chen and Yin Q. James. "Gene Expression Regulators: MicroRNAs." Chinese Science Bulletin 50.13 (2005): 1281-1292.
He, Lin and Gregory Hannon. "MicroRNAs: Small RNAs With a Big Role in Gene Expression." Nature Reviews 5 (2004): 522-531.
Ke, Xi-Song and et al. "MicroRNAs: key participants in gene regulatory networks." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 7 (2003): 516-523.
Miska, Eric. "How MicroRNAs control cell division, differentiation, and death." Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 15 (2005): 563-568.
Genetics and Development Genetics is a scientific discipline that deals with how individuals inherit their physical and behavioral attributes. Generally, genetics is a branch of biology that deals with the science of heredity, genes, and differences in living organisms. It's the process with which a child inherits traits from his/her parents and the molecular organization and function of genes. The question of what determines the development of a child has been
Genetics and Development: As a discipline of biology, genetics is basically considered as the science of genes, inheritance, and differences in living organisms. Since genes are common characteristics in living organisms, genetics is used in the study of all living systems including plants, humans, domestic animals, bacteria, and viruses. Generally, this biological discipline focuses on the molecular structure and operation of genes whose behaviors are in the context of organisms or
Hence, genetic factors underlie the stability or continuity of psychological traits. Gene Development Mutations play a vital role in genetics, although they cause different disorders living things. Sometimes heredity causes disorders that affect the normal genetic development. Genetic processes control how humans develop from a single cell to adult human beings. Genes control the nervous system cells, and re-growth of skin and hair cells. Genes make humans dynamic organisms capable of
The information is then transcribed into the traits and phenotypes of the offspring depending on the dominance and recessive alleles within the gene (Berg, Tymoczko, & Stryer, n.d). The egg is fertilized by the sperm from the mother and their nuclei fuses together to form a zygote. The zygote contains 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father. From this combination of genes and the environmental conditions
Genetics Student Response Original DNA Strand: 3'-T ACCCTTTAGCCACT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UGGGAAAUCGGUGA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Met -- Gly -- Asn -- His -- Arg -- STOP Mutated gene sequence one: 3'-T ACGCTTTAGCCATT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UGCGAAAUCGGUAA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Met -- Arg -- Asn -- His -- Arg -- STOP Mutated gene sequence two: 3'-T AACCTTTACTAGGCACT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UUGGAAAUGAUCCGUGA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Ile -- Gly -- Asn -- Asp -- Pro-STOP What is the significance of the
Genetics Original Gene Sequence: 3'-T AC CC T. TT AGTAGCCAC T-5 Transcription of Original: 3'-A UG GG A AA UCAUCGGUG A-5' Translation of Original: Start codon Met, Gly, Asn, His, Arg, Stop Mutated Gene Sequence 1: 3'-T ACGCT TT AGTAGCCAT T-5' Transcription of Mutated 1: 3'-A UGCGA AA UCAUCGGUA A-5' Translation of Mutated 1: Start codon Met, Arg, Asn, His, Arg, Stop Mutated Gene Sequence 2: 3'-T AACCT TT ACTAGGCAC T-5' Transcription of Mutated 2: 3'-AUUGGAAAUGAUCCGUGA Translation of Mutated