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Additionally, Edward C. Tolman was essentially aiming to understand cognitive processes through the implementation of behavioral methods. Through his experiments using rats, Tolman posited the idea that behavior was not simply a reaction to a particular stimulus (Walker 1984). Rather, he believed that the concept of the mind could make actual connections between various stimuli. His concept of latent learning illustrates how the mind can learn without having to express an explicit response to a present stimulus. Instead, the mind learns with less obvious reinforcement that can occur after the removal of the stimulus that triggered the learning in the first place. Essentially, the knowledge gained from latent learning is not always expressed immediately, and rather develops inside the mind through unconscious processes that are drawn upon only when the environment would require them. The mind holds on to these pieces of memory to assist in more overt learning later on.
Finally, B.F. Skinner was crucial in developing the theory...
Through his experiments, Skinner began to postulate a theory known as Radical Behaviorism, which aims to explore how the concept of the mind adapts to environmental stimuli to facilitate learning. The concept of the mind is shaped by the unique environment surrounding each individual (Walker 1984). Moreover, changes in behavior help teach the mind new ways of dealing with that environment. Skinner also posited the importance of reinforcement as a way to shape the concept of the mind and redirect more desired behaviors. He is famous for his concept of operant conditioning. According to the research, operant conditioning occurs in the mind when a particular behavior is either rewarded or punished through designed reinforcement measures.
References
Kazantzis, Nikolaos, Reinecke, Mark a., & Freeman, Arthur. (2009). Cognitive and Behavioral Theories in Clinical Practice. Guilford Press.
Walker, Stephen. (1984). New Essential Psychology: Learning Theory and Behavior Modification. Methuen Publishing.
3). A very important change takes place in children's minds somewhere between the ages of three and five and while they are initially unable to extract complex meaning from their surrounding environment, they gradually start to understand more regarding what happens around them and develop a theory of mind (Bower, 92). Studies concerning the theory of mind have also been performed using chimpanzees. Although it is very difficult and almost
Public Administration Mind Map PA concepts decision-making, communication, public relations, supervision, coordination, unity of command, authority, leadership, Theoretical Perspectives: modern theories: behavioral approach of individual and organizational goals; social-psychological theory X and Y of McGregor; comparative PA by Riggs; developmental administration by Weidner; new PA by Minnowbrook. Historical context PA as a discipline began at the end of the th century, with basis from different administrative perspectives from philosophy, economic, behavioral, political, and social of the
Abstract Dozens of research studies have supported the hypothesis that personality traits change as one becomes older. However, what triggers these changes in personality traits? How do these changes take place? This paper investigates some of the answers to these complex questions. It does so by comparing six theories on personality development. All the theories are backed by evidences which will also be discussed. The paper ends by providing a conclusion
Per the author, the user should not be blamed for when the design does not meet user needs. All theories by individual designers on how the world works are biased because they are based on individual assumptions. It is important for designers to pay attention to information which leads to predictable results. Major problem in theory and design is the lack of an explicit body of positive knowledge. The Nature
Theory Compare and contrast at least three views on what constitutes a theory. Distinguish the related concepts of theories, such as hypothesis, paradigm, model and concept. Differentiating between hypothesis and theory The word hypothesis is a description of various phenomenon occurring. In most cases, it's not a confirm statement. In other cases, it can be well-developed, designed and explained to follow through the workings and mechanisms of certain phenomenon. According to one definition,
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