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However, in cancer these cells grow out of control and mutate, causing disease. Some of the issues with the development of breast cancer have been linked to exposure to estrogen, but that does not always appear to be the case (Sariego, 2010). Other factors can also be problematic. The main issue with breast cancer is not what caused it but how to treat it and whether it is diagnosed quickly. Mammograms are still the standard to locate lumps that may or may not be breast cancer. When these lumps are suspect, a biopsy is often done in order to determine what the lump, or mass, actually is and whether there is cancer present. Biopsies are the best way to determine if there are cancerous cells, but some of the rarer types of breast cancer are still hard to diagnose and require other options (Gotzsche & Nielsen, 2011).
Once a diagnosis of breast cancer has been made, there are several options for treatment depending on the severity of the cancer at the time it is found. In many cases a mastectomy will be performed and the entire breast will be removed (Sariego, 2010). There are also cases where a quarter of the breast is removed and cases where only the lump and surrounding tissue is removed. Generally, chemotherapy, radiation, or both will also be used to ensure that any remaining cancer cells have been killed and that the cancer will (hopefully) not return (Sariego, 2010). Once a mastectomy or other breast surgery has taken place, patients can have a reconstruction of the breast through cosmetic surgery. This will provide the person with a chest that looks more like what she had before the removal of tissue, but not all women choose reconstruction. Some choose to simply have...
One of these is molecular breast imaging. It is currently being studied and considered, because it may provide a better way to look for breast cancer and diagnose it sooner and more easily (Gotzsche & Nielsen, 2011). Studies have also shown that some of the current breast cancer screenings do not catch anything before it would be caught by simply being obvious. Mammograms can also produce false positives and a great deal of unnecessary anxiety, along with the potential for breast cancer because of the radiation they give to the breast during the examination (Gotzsche & Nielsen, 2011). Because of that (slight) risk, some argue that mammograms are not needed and that they do not catch breast cancer early enough and often enough to be of value. With that in mind, new screening tools are needed and women must work with their health care providers in an effort to ensure they are being kept healthy and screened properly but that they are not being examined unnecessarily and made more anxious by a system that is designed to protect them from illnesses such as breast cancer.
References
Gotzsche, P.C. & Nielsen, M. (2011). Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database System Review (1): CD001877
Saini, K.S., Taylor, C., Ramirez, a.J., et al. (2011). Role of the multidisciplinary team in breast cancer management: results from a large international survey involving 39 countries. Annals of Oncology, 23(4): 853 -- 9.
Sariego, J. (2010). Breast cancer in the young patient. The American surgeon, 76(12): 1397 -- 1401.
While the incidence of carcinoma in situ has been increasing, the incidence of invasive breast cancer has remained fairly steady or even decreased slightly in the past 25 years, and the mortality rate has declined (Common types of invasive breast cancer, 2008, Eli Lilly). The earlier the detection of breast cancer, in its first stage, rather than the subsequent second, third, or fourth stages, the better the prognosis, regardless
Breast Cancer Pathophysiology Breast Cancer Advanced Pathophysiology Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. There are three general determinants associated with the cause of the disease: heredity factors, environmental factors, and hormonal factors. The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, as 78% of cases are diagnosed in women ages 50 and older. Risk factors are distinguished by their respective etiological influences, such as family history, lifestyle, and
Pleural Effusion in Children -- An Overview Pleural Effusion is a disease resulting from excess production of fluids or a decrease in absorption or in some instances both thereby leading to an abnormal collection of fluids in the pleural space. It is the commonest pleural disease and has etiologies that include symptomatic inflammatory, cardiopulmonary disorders and malignant diseases that require speedy evaluation as well as treatment (Jeffery Rubins 2016). Disorders like an
...It can spot moderate to severe dysplasia (irregular tissue), "some of which may turn out to be malignant and you'll have a case of lung cancer," he explains. Patients with dysplasia can then be closely monitored, and if cancer appears, it can be treated in its earliest stages. The second diagnostic tool is an imaging agent called Nofetumomab (verluma). Approved by FDA in 1996, it can determine the extent of
Bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7369/887 Pfizer, 'NEW FRAGMIN INDICATION FIGHTS SECOND LEADING CAUSE of DEATH in CANCER PATIENTS, CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS', retrieved feb 29th 2008, from, http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&releaseID=160 Dirix LY, Salgado R, Weytjens R, Colpaert C, Benoy I, Huget P, van Dam P, Prove a, Lemmens J, Vermeulen P. (2002), 'Plasma fibrin D-dimer levels correlate with tumor volume, progression rate and survival in patients with metastatic Breast Cancer', British Journal of Cancer, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875705 John a Heit, (Sep 2005), "Cancer and Venous Thromboembolism: Scope of the Problem', Cancer
neoplasm: "abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should" ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) benign: noncancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) malignant: cancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) carcinoma: "Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs," ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016) sarcoma: "A type of cancer that begins in