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¶ … Penitentiary System
Two Significant Changes to the Penitentiary System during the 20th Century
During the 19th Century prisons were harsh environments that incorporated corporal punishment, striped uniforms and lockstep marching. In 1876 the Elmira Correctional Facility opened in New York. Elmira was the first prison established on the concept of changing behavior instead of punishing behavior. This facility was designed to reform each inmate through an individualized program, discarding meaningless hard labor, regimens of silence, religious and morality lectures and strict compliance attained through cruelty and fear. The programs instituted at the reformatory included courses in ethics and religion, vocational education, and activities such as a band, newspaper and athletic leagues.
Healthcare
Until recently prison healthcare and interest in the health and medical problems of prisoners was under the direction of county sheriffs or prison wardens. With the exception of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, which staffed...
Until the 1970s no general standards for medical services in prisons existed in the United States (Weisbuch, DNI).
Health care in American correctional facilities began to improve in the 1970s. The U.S. Department of Justice provided limited funds to certain states to improve medical care in prisons, and in 1972 the American Medical Association (AMA) surveyed medical services in U.S. prisons and jails, publishing a report that documented its inadequacy. The first Supreme Court decision to address prison health, Estelle v. Gamble (1976), determined that medical care in the Texas prison system was below a constitutional level. Estelle and subsequent decisions established that prisoners have a constitutional right to health…
Bibliography
Poster, M.J., (1992) The estelle medical professional judgement standars: The right of those in custody to receive high-cost medical treatments. American journal of law and medicine 18 (4):347-368.
Weisbuch, J.B., (DNI) Prison Health. Encyclopedia of Public Health. In Answers.com. Retrieved July 9, 2010, from http://www.answers.com/topic/prison-health
And we know that the subsequent international crisis, which was especially intense during the summer and autumn of 1961, threatened the world with the risk of a military conflict, one that seemed as if it could escalate at any time into nuclear confrontation between the U.S. And the Soviet Union" (p. 44). Over the next 25 years, the Berlin Wall grew both in terms of its physical dimensions as
Architect Frank Lloyd Wright went beyond even Ives's achievements. Sharing affection for the organic ideas of the American Renaissance before the Civil War and asserting that form and function were one, Wright developed the Prairie school of architecture. This tried to integrate the design of housing and the land it used and forced Americans to think more carefully about rapid urbanization. In terms of the impact that he had
corrections models in the United States have changed significantly over the past several generations, from a rehabilitative toward a punitive paradigm. After World War Two, a strong sense of national security and prosperity prevailed in the United States, leading to a corrections system that was based more on rehabilitation than on punishment. During these idealistic times, criminals were believed to be "ill," and correctable via a treatment model ("History
Immigration and Health Policies in the 20th Century Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" (Lazarus 1998) When you think of people struck by unbelievable hardships and misery, it might not be so hard to believe that a part of their soul dies with each passing day. But
Treatment of Prisoners in Russia During the 18th 19th and 20th Century The treatment of prisoners, and in particular the political prisoners and the prisoners of war over the centuries has been a controversial issue with standards set for handling of such poisoners, yet still these prisoners have not had the best of the conditions required anywhere in the world. This was a contentious issue in the historical Russia, but still
Prison Nurseries There are few assets as precious to a nation as it children. Especially in the developed world. Social, care, and education systems are set up in such a way as to nurture the young ones to that they can grow and develop effectively to make the most of their lives and their future. Indeed, not making sure that children's lives can progress along optimal levels can result in dire