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Illegal Corporate Activities
Clinard's publication concerns corporate violations of stipulated laws by 582 public corporations in the United States of America. In addition, the extent and nature as well as the economic settings the violations occurred are also looked at. The study used data from the firms' sales to calculate their levels of diversification and levels of concentration among other variables. In this paper, the publication in scrutiny used sources of data though they never gave in-depth information on all violations; this makes this analysis lean on one side and may not give the actual results.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is used here to summarize the study sample as well as the observations that have been made. The main summary used is quantitative form of the data. From the data outlined in the first codebook, the five-year mean for corporate sales is 99. This is the logged value for the five years mean of corporate sales (Clinard & Yeager, 1987). The actual number is coded. The mean for R&D expenses/Sales is given as 9.999999 with the mean deviation standing at 9,999,999. The mean for labor expenses/sales is also given as 9.
In addition, the mean income per total assets is calculated to be 9,999,999 with the actual number likely to rate higher; the actual number is not given in this article. The mean for net income per average common equity is formulated as 999.9999. This is calculated as Ace = Equity (Time T) + Equity (T-1)/2 resulting in the deck identification of '02'. The mean for debts vs. assets is 9,000,000; Total Debt = long-term debt + liabilities.
Moreover, the mean for sales per total assets is given as 99.99999. Retained earnings against total assets are given as 9.999999 while the mean for current assets minus liabilities is also the same. Furthermore, the mean for assets per employees for the five years is given as 99.0000 having a deck identification number of '03'.
For the analysis of trends in growth, the trends are computed as the slopes of the regression lines generated by regressing, and unstandardized B's used to indicate trends....
Besides, the degree of firm diversification is 1 calculated as 1- (sum I p-squared i), where p is the ratio of the firm's sales and I is the firm's total non-foreign sales. The industries are indicated at the two-digit level of the Sic codes. In line with this, the firms' 3rd diversification is also calculated using the above formula. However, this is based on the firm's manufacturing industry lines of operations; Sic type 20 to 39 and sales. The industries are indicated at two-digit level of the codes. The fourth degree of diversification is the same but industries are indicated at the four-digit level of Sic codes.
The average concentration ratio in all the manufacturing industries (sic types 20-39) in which the firm operated, is weighted by the relative importance of each industry to the firm based on its sales in each four-digit sic category.
Money, Business, and the State
Boies ascertains in his article that there are several variables that influence large firms' political behaviors. These variables include resource availability including firm size; material interests such as government interests; political behavior including campaign contributions among others. Outlined below are some data sources for the variables used by the writer.
Variables
Units and Coding
Data Sources
Dependent variables
1978 PAC receipts
Dollars
US FEC 1982
1980 PAC receipts
Dollars
Resource availability
Annual sales in 1979
1,000s of dollars
Colvin and Knight 1980
Number of employees in 1979
Persons
Return to investors in 1979
10,000s of dollars
Earnings per share in 1979
Dollars
Growth rate for 1969-1979
Percent
Clinard and Yeager 1981
R&D to sales ratio
Ratio
Labor/sales ratio
Ratio
Free riders
Average concentration ratio
Ratio
Clinard and Yeager 1981
Relative firm dominance
Percent
Material interests
Unique legal actions
Legal…
References
Boies, J.L. (1989). Money, Business, and the State: Material Interest, Fortune 500 Corporations, and the Size of Political Action Committees . American Sociological Review, 821-833.
Clinard, M.B., & Yeager, P.C. (1987). Illegal Corporate Behavior, 1975-1976. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
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