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Supercontinent Theory
The physical geology of the earth consists of a Core (inner and outer), the mantle, the asthenosphere and the lithosphere. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of the earth that is the hard and rigid layer in which humans live. This portion of the earth reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere through erosion and weathering, resulting in the soil forming process (Johnson, 2006). These layers of the earth are constantly in motion, giving us the Plate Tectonics, or Continental Drift, theory. Briefly, the theory states that the continents move across the molten plate of the earth -- drifting over time based on the rotation of the earth. The early evidence for this, of course, was that the eastern part of South America and Western Part of Africa fit together quite well. However, studies after 1958 show that there are three major reasons why the "drift" theory is likely incorrect: 1) floating masses on a rotating ball tend to collect at the equator and remain there; 2) masses floating like icebergs should be in balance with gravity and buoyancy whereas measurements show this is not the case, and; 3) why were some parts of the Earth solid while other parts are fluid. Thus, Plate Tectonics agrees that the earth's lithosphere is in movement,...
Several forces drive this theory: friction (motion between layers); gravitation -- sliding at higher elevation of plates and bulging at lower; 3) external forces (tidal friction of the moon). Plate tectonics is less random, and accepts that there are several forces acting in opposition to cause change and movement (USGS, 2009).
The Supercontinent Cycle is the manner in which the continental crust of the earth moves and thus the continents reconfigured, in cycles scientists estimate to take 300-500 million years. The cycle consists of collusion and rifting; collision makes fewer and larger continents and rifting makes more, but smaller continents. For instance, the last supercontinent called Pangaea, formed about 300 million years ago and we can see the manner in which the geologic forms split during five major shifts -- expansion and then collision, to form the present-day continents (see Figure 1).
Most believe the causes of this type of grand movement are volcanism, which is a continual process in which the plates of the earth move, twist, sink or rise. The point is to understand that there…
REFERENCES
Frankel, H. (2012). The Continental Drift Controversy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, R. (2006). Plate Tectonics -- Great Ideas in Science. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publishing Company.
United States Geological Society. (2009). Plate Tectonics. Retrieved from:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html
Geography Oceanography is the field of geography that studies the origin and development of the oceans, including how they move, the life forms within it, and how to use its resources wisely and safely. It'd an interdisciplinary field of study that by necessity combines geography with biology, meteorology, chemistry, physics and even mathematics (College Board, 2005). Those who study oceanography must have a broad-based education in the sciences. The physical properties of
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