Amalia A brief look into Argentinian literature

Countries in recent history have sought independence from their mother country to create a country and government for the people and by the people. This was seen in the United States, to some extent in China, and most recently in the last century in various parts of South America. Argentina, a land of constant political instability, racial discrimination, and gender issues, as seen conflict arise for two centuries. From these conflicts emerged writers who sought to show the struggle between the people of Argentina and their rising concerns with identity and development of a nation.

Amalia is a novel written by Jose Marmol, an exiled Argentinian author who wrote the story in order to criticize the ruler of Argentina from 1829 to 1852, caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. The author placed the setting in a Bueno Aires post-colonial period done in two parts. It functions as a semi-autobiographical account of the author as he lived during Rosa's police state. Amalia is an important novel because of its portrayal of human consciousness because it shows any city or country could become a prison of terror. Dictatorship represented in the book, a problem with structure and the eradication of personal choice and freedom that is similar to the problems faced by supporters of feminism and racial/ethnic equality.

The term "ethnicity" developed during the mid-to-late twentieth century, in which a process was named to understand groups or individuals as different or separate from others. This then became interpreted as subordination or consciousness of exclusion serving to also index social practices such as religion, language, rituals as well as other patterns of behavior that helped to define a group's culture and its content. "Attacking justifications for racial hierarchy grounded in biology, social scientists used the concept of ethnicity as a weapon against racial thinking." (Burgett 100) Argentina was and still is a very xenophobic country with discrimination of those that were not of European origins existing since its colonial period.

Black people, often referred to as "Negros" or in the English translation, "negroes" were mentioned fairly often in the text. Seen as the servant population, they were mentioned in "The First Dressing 25" as being arrogant and not to be trusted compared to the mulattoes. During the formation of nations from 1810 to the early part of the twentieth century, Latin American countries had to draw up constitutions, fashion their identities and engage in struggles over land and territory, debating questions of culture, ethnicity, and government. Argentina grew as a nation of servants during that time and had what some perceive was widespread in several Latin countries, a white minority with multattoes and blacks serving as the servant population.

Blacks and mulattoes were always depictured in Amalia as a servant and at times barbaric population. However, there were instances where they were also provided a more positive light. While Argentina and other Latin American countries, still remain a fairly segregated country, Amalia highlights at least intent towards integration of the different ethnicities and races through a handful of scenes in the story. "And never was audience composed of a greater variety of shades in class, color and race, than the audience here assembled. Mingled together indiscriminately are negroes and mulattos, Indians and whites, the lowest and the middle class." (Marmol 185) Here in this scene a variety of races and ethnicities sit together, regardless of class or physical appearance, showing the author's attempt to show the divergent standings of people from the expected and at times enforced view of race and ethnicity.

Amalia does a good job of reflecting the nature of that time well and provides several scenes where black servants were discussed and shown as a means of either providing context to the scene or providing some sort of action or rebellion. It was a realist text, depicting the conditions of society in Argentina during that time. As a representation of European interference, it gave some narrative to the status of European and other ethnicities in the country while also depicting a story of tension between "barbarism and civilization." The racial and ethnic tension of the book served as a backdrop for other issues that plagued the characters. One of them is exploration of gender.

In the same scene with the diverse people together, a teenage-aged "negress" crosses the parlor in the scene and holds her head high, with the author making comparisons to that of...

While she may have partaken in prostitution with a white man of whom a mulatto woman had summoned, the way in which the "negress" carried herself showed how even in the face of servitude, a woman, a black woman, could still feel some semblance of pride.
Showing the mulatto woman engaging in her perhaps business with a white male customer also shows the desire for women even in a repressed Argentina, to become independent and make money on her own. There is interesting female character in the story and they are often opposite of each other. As the "negress" takes on the role of a "lady of the night," Amalia takes the role of virgin widow who falls for a young and aristocratic man (Eduardo) from the commercial capital. Women are often shown, especially in early texts as being either a saint or devil. They never fall in between. The author shows this by giving the reader Amalia, in "angel" who is still a virgin, and the "negress" who sleeps with men for money.

While Amalia does not serve any real purpose other than a plot device as she is from an agricultural province, and their love serves as a promise of a future away from dictatorship and towards a republic that stands united, she still provides some context surrounding the issues of gender equality and societal perceptions of gender. The introduction of Amalia, and her virtuousness amidst being widowed highlights the need for men to view women as virginal and pure. "And tell me, during the five months you remained in Dona Amalia's house, what men were in the habit of visiting her in the evenings.' 'No one, senora. In all the time I was in her house, I never saw anyone come to visit her in the evening.'" (Marmol 190) Then the scene continues with the Dona asking if Amalia spent her time praying further providing the context that women should be pure and virtuous and abstain from anything feminist ideals would deem healthy like sexual exploration.

Amalia and other instances of female behavior like the "negress" servant, provide some understanding of the expectations of women and people of color at the time as well as how they were seen by the author. They also represent perhaps a small sort of rebellion as to what society perceived and what in actuality is. Daniel, Amalia's cousin, the hero of the story, is friends to the man that marries Amalia and serves as a means of providing hope and renewal for republic as the regime of Argentina's then dictatorship reaches a peak. Manuel Belgrano, the hero of independence for Unitarians, represents the Unitarians ideal and expectations for the future all put into the character of Eduardo, his nephew.

What are Unitarians? They represented opposition to the Argentine Federalists and were supporters of a centralized government during the civil wars in Argentina and following its Declaration of Independence in 1816. They had gained control of Argentina shortly before the rise of Rosas and eventually succumbed to defeat and were exiled during his regime. It was after the civil conflicts that former Unitarians came back to form a new government within the country.

Eduardo in the story, seen as practically superhuman, fighting mazoqueros with fervor and skill, is saved by Daniel, Amalia's cousin. Daniel Bello represents a lot of things to author. Some of which deal strictly with the obsession with France and the desire to mimic France and its culture. From clandestine excursions to Montevideo where Daniel attempts to negotiate alliances between French sympathizers and exile leaders to his choice of weapon, Marmol tries to show much like American writers during colonial and post-colonial times the desire to connect with Europe and its way of living and resist the change of being that the Federalists and Rosas brought.

However, with everything that represented the Unitarians front, Marmol also sought to be above the conflict of the two parties with Bello. Daniel Bello for Marmol, represented a trace of the country's young intelligentsia that attempted to exist between Federalists and Unitarians. These youths desired a country and community with no party and just a country independent from influence and extremes. China has had several instances in its multi-millennia existence that showed change and desire for escape from not just political regimes, but also exploration of gender roles and societal expectations.

Neo-Confucianism had originated from ideas developed by Zhu Xi during China's Song Dynasty…