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¶ … EarlyChildhood
Norton, B. et al. (2011) "Somatic Expressions of Trauma in Experiential Play Therapy" in International Journal of Play Therapy, Vol. 20, No. 3, 138 -- 152.
Researchers have found connections between animal and human responses to trauma that are important in understanding somatic (non-verbal) cues and conditioning. Some research has been done that shows parallels between animal behaviors and child behaviors in cases of abuse and neglect, although the literature remains scant. Children act out trauma in play therapy, resulting in a building of "trauma energy," expressed through movement in the discharge, or surge, phase. Following is the "soothe phase," in which the child becomes calm as part of trauma processing. As the authors point out, some severely traumatized children must undergo the process several times during treatment.
Thompson, E.H. et al. (2012) "School-Based Group Interventions for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence" in Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 27, 233 -- 241.
Children exposed to the trauma of domestic violence tend to have problems with behavior, social functioning, and academics...
Schools afford these children access to mental health practitioners, including counselors, psychologists, and social workers, who can address these concerns through counseling, structured activities and play therapy. Research is limited, but findings indicate, not surprisingly, that children do benefit from early interventions. The authors outline specific strategies and activities that can be used by mental health professionals in working with these children in the school setting.
Dripchak, V.L. (2007) "Posttraumatic Play: Towards Acceptance and Resolution" in Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. 35, 125 -- 134.
According to research findings, more than a quarter of American children experience a traumatic event by the age of sixteen; many endure repeated trauma. Often, children who experience trauma demonstrate it through posttraumatic play (PTP). Some professionals view the repetitive reenactment of a traumatic event to be traumatizing as well, leading to psychiatric or behavioral problems. A therapeutic model that specifically targets trauma work with children and PTP issues incorporates the principles of Milton…
The researchers videotaped twenty-three children, aged four to eight years, in individual 40 minute play sessions. Each of the children had been exposed to violent attacks. The children's play patterns were characterized in one of three ways: re-enactment with soothing, re-enactment without soothing, and overwhelming re-enactment. Further analysis of play was used to identify the contributions of play activity to healing and the factors that contribute to resilience in a child. The authors concluded that PTP is both complex and multilayered. A common factor in all three categories of PTP was the child's response to comfort. The authors call for further research into the human relationship factors that help provide the emotional balance children need as they move toward recovery.
Green, E.J. et al. (2010) "Counseling Children with Preverbal Trauma" in International Journal of Play Therapy, Vol. 19, No. 2, 95 -- 105.
According to researchers, unresolved early childhood trauma can have long-term psychological consequences manifest in problems with a child's social, emotional and academic development. Successful resolution of early trauma can help a child deal with anxieties associated with annihilation, abandonment and disintegration. For pre-verbal children, such successful resolution can be particularly problematic when their primary caretakers are the perpetrators of the trauma and do not acknowledge or recognize the link between trauma and later behavior problems. Literature on therapeutic intervention with preverbal trauma is scant. The authors briefly discuss the effects of early trauma on brain development. The positive effects of play therapy are explored. Children cannot usually use words to describe a preverbal experience, but memories can be re-enacted. Exploration of memories of positive attachment experiences in the preverbal period, when used in play therapy, can play an important part in repairmen.
Psychology How Animal Therapy Assists Various Kinds of Patients Animals and humans have had a long and multifaceted relationship over time. There are many of us who have visited petting zoos, regular zoos, and kept pets in our homes. People who have bonded with animals know first hand how strong the connection can be between a person and an animal. It is only been in the past several decades where formal research
Poor Children, the Problem of Drug Therapy and Possible Alternatives Introduction Foster children are more likely than children in the general population to have mental health issues (Polihronakis, 2008). Part of the reason for this is that foster children are in foster care because they have been neglected in their own homes, their parents are incapable of providing food, love, shelter and nourishment, and they are in need of a nurturing environment.
Evidence-Based Programs and Practices Part 1: Define and Refine Evidence-Based Theories Evidence-based programs are defined as a prevention or treatment practice, that is based on consistent scientific evidence providing proof that the practice improves client/patient outcomes. The practice should be supported by sufficient documentation and peer-reviewed research that shows its effectiveness (Operational Definition for Evidence-Based Practices Addictions and Mental Health Division, 2017). Programs draw from theory in that the theoretical framework developed by researchers
69). Petting a dog lowered blood pressure and respiratory rate -- even if the dog was somebody else's. Pet owners that have heart surgery recover faster and stand a better chance of full recovery. Touching a warm furry animal gives them relief. Moreover, pet ownership is a predictor of survival after hospitalization for any serious illness (Gunter & Furnham, 1999). Demello (1999) found that the "mere presence of an animal" could
Animal testing is not only for the benefit of the humans but is also beneficial to the animals themselves. "The research of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences benefits animals because NIEHS research contributes to protecting the environment for all the life that shares the earth - companion animals, farm animals, wildlife, marine life - and plant life as well" (Anonymous). Much more animals are consumed as a
Animal Rights and Experimentation Animal rights are being constantly violated in this day and age. They are being subjected to endless experimentation in order to ensure a healthy life for humans. This is known as vivisection. The local industries use tests, which kill around 50% of the animals during the tests. It is sad to know that tests are still being conducted on animals in spite of having results. Experts have