Environment William F. Baxter argues in favor of a people-oriented perspective on environmentalism in his article "People or Penguins." According to Baxter, measures to protect or conserve natural resources are only meaningful if they benefit human beings. In fact, the author asserts that concerns like clean air and water should be the means, not the end. Human beings, Baxter feels, are the end. Penguins and pine trees matter insofar as they please human beings, but they do not matter for their own sake. To support his arguments, Baxter first outlines four philosophical criteria by which he bases his observations about environmentalism. First, Baxter urges that all persons should do as they will as long as they do not "interfere with the interests of other human beings," (604). Second, Baxter notes that human beings possess limited resources, not just natural products like coal or water but also human labor resources. Therefore, we must take care to prevent wastefulness. Third, Baxter asserts that each person must be "afforded dignity" and an "even-handed application" of rules and laws (604). Finally, the author advocates the redistribution of wealth as a means to solving thorny problems such as the debate over environmental protection. In addition to these four criteria, Baxter also provides six reasons why selfishness is "the only tenable starting place for analysis," (605). These four fundamental criteria on which Baxter bases his argument are reasonable, sound, and morally unobjectionable, and I agree that "no other position" other than selfishness...

Whether with the environment or with international relations, people make stupid choices that often have far-reaching, disastrous consequences. Even as he acknowledges selfishness as an immutable part of human nature, Baxter fails to acknowledge its impact on political and economic decision making. For example, the author states that massive environmental degradation is virtually impossible because people depend on non-human life forms and would not deplete natural resources out of common sense (605). However, Baxter does not address demands for capital consumption and unlimited corporate growth that might undermine common sense and reason. Furthermore, precisely because the four types of resources (labor, technology, capital goods, and natural resources) are as limited as Baxter suggests, environmental laws are necessary for keeping corporate avarice in check and preserving what is indeed the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Baxter's utilitarian-like argument is unrealistic and idealistic. While it would be nice if we lived in a truly democratic society in which all decisions affecting large numbers of people were agreeable to the vast majority, reality tells another story. Baxter lambastes conservationists who claim to speak for the penguins and the pine…