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¶ … Microbes
The Role of Microbes
Whitman and colleagues estimated in 1998 that the microbial population in the ocean's sedimentary layers represented between 55% and 86% of all microbial biomass on the Earth's surface and 27% to 33% of the biomass for all forms of life living on this planet (Kallmeyer, Pockalny, Adhikari, Smith, and D'Hondt, 2012). A more recent estimate, based on a much larger and diverse set of samples, reveals that that the seafloor microbial biomass represents only 0.18% to 3.6% of the global total. The reason for this revision is due to the finding that the highest concentrations of microbial biomass within the ocean's sedimentary layers are in the shallowest water depths close to land. The land-based microbial biomass is therefore the largest source of microbes on the Earth's surface by far.
Aquatic Microbes
The microbes that live in the sedimentary layers of the oceans are amazingly diverse and highly active metabolically (D'Hondt et al., 2004). In samples taken off the coast of Peru, at ocean depths ranging from 150 m to 5300 m, columnar samples revealed abundant microbial habitation in sediment depths ranging from 0 to 420 m and...
The concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in these samples were below those expected, suggesting these microbes actively reduce these compounds. The concentrations of other compounds or elements were unexpectedly high, such as inorganic carbon, ammonia, sulfide, methane, manganese, and iron, consistent with the active oxidation of these compounds or elements. The authors of this study also found evidence for the production and consumption of formate, acetate, lactate, hydrogen, ethane, and propane, in addition to the reduction of iron.
The chemical turnover of these compounds is not uniform, but depends on depth and temperature, with deeper sedimentary layers showing the greatest redox activity. The overall effect is the oxidation of organic matter and the removal of dissolved sulfate and nitrate from land-based organisms. The primary metabolic product of this process is methane.
Soil Microbes
Recent estimates suggest that a gram of soil contains up to 1011 bacteria, 50,000 distinct bacterial species, and 200 million fungal filaments (hyphae) (reviewed by van der Heijden, Bardgett, and van Straalen, 2008). To put this in perspective, a gram of soils…
References
D'Hondt, Steven, Jorgensen, Bo Barker, Miller, D. Jay, Batzke, Anja, Blake, Ruth, Cragg, Barry A. et al. (2004). Distributions of microbial activities in deep subseafloor sediments. Science, 306, 2216-2221.
Ingham, Elaine R. (n.d.). The living soil: Bacteria. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 20 Jul. 2013 from http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/bacteria.html.
Kallmeyer, Jens, Pockalny, Robert, Adhikari, Rishi Ram, Smith, David C., and D'Hondt, Steven D. (2012). Global distribution of microbial abundance and biomass in subseafloor sediment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16213-16216.
van der Heijden, Marcel G.A., Bardgett, Richard D., and van Straalen, Nico M. (2008). The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 11, 296-310.
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