This is a paper in many parts. it is a psychology and development paper that looks into six articles and how they relate to topics like sleep and growth, the effects of stress on behavior, the consequences of parenthood and childhood experiences on behavior in the later years of the life of an individual among others.
Psychology Development
Early Childhood
Medelein N. Moody, (2013). A Relational Aggression Intervention in Early Childhood. University of Nebraska. ProQuest LLC.
The paper was aimed at interrogating the relational aggression in early childhood and if there are interventions within the school setting that can act to reduce the aggression. This intervention is referred to as the Early Childhood Friendship Project and entailed taking stock of the changes in the behavior of the children as they undergo the study and the project. The preliminaries within the article indicates that there is usually a significant differences between the relational aggression between the boys and girls in school with the later recording a higher rate of aggression.
The study was conducted through a survey method and formal testing as the children went through the project and the teachers concerned recorded the results and any noticeable changes over time.
The results that were observed showed that there was a decrease in relational aggression at the level of the entire class as the children went through the project. Ironically, even though the analyses suggested that there was an increase in the physical aggression at the individual level, the teachers involved in the project reported a decrease in the physical aggression at the classroom level.
It was concluded hence that there is a possibility of increasing the pro-social behavior in the classroom setting as well as decreasing the aggressions.
Jeffrey R. Gagne, (2013). Early -- but modest -- gender differences in focal aspects of childhood temperament. Elsevier Ltd.
This is a research directed at the investigating childhood temperament and how gender plays a part in this. The role of gender is examined here methodologically by assessing mother, father and the laboratory temperament assessment battery (Lab-TAB) and the ratings they gave in asesing the temperament in 3-year-old children. It was observed that boys had a higher level of activities and a lower level of shyness as well as lower inhibitory control as compared to the girls across all the methods of assessment. It was also observed that the shyer children had lower activity levels and a higher inhibitory control and these children with higher inhibitory control were active.
Topic 2. Late childhood
Karlen Lyons-Ruth, et.al. (2012). Borderline symptoms and suicidality/self-injury in late adolescence: Prospectively observed relationship correlates in infancy and childhood. Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
The research is basically on the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in the adulthood and the possibility of this having a root cause at the late childhood stage of growth. The primary objective of the research was to observe if the quality of the parent-child interaction during the infancy and the middle childhood had anything to do with the BPD, suicidal or self-harm behavior that the children develop in the late adolescence.
The research was conducted using adolescents from 56 families who were studied from their infancy and were observed fro any symptoms of BPD. Of special interest to the research team was the attachment security as well as the parent-interaction. There was also child abuse rating from the interviews as well as those reported by the participants.
It was observed that the mother withdrawal from the child was seen as a major contributor to the possible formation of the BPD and the suicidal tendencies. There was also observation of the disorganized controlling of the behavior of the child at the age of 8 as an independent contributor to BPD. Childhood abuse was also observed to be a central factor to suicidal tendencies in the mid childhood .
Nancy M. George, (2013). Assessing Sleep in Adolescents Through a Better Understanding of Sleep Physiology. Vol. 113, No. 6
The research is preoccupied with the concept of progression in age and the change in sleep pattern. As the children grow from late childhood to the adolescence, the research posits that there is bound to be change in the sleep pattern as the body also changes physically.
The data was collected through a group of students who were interviewed as well as studied as their ages changed to the early adolescence from the late childhood and it was found out that things like delayed sleep and late sleep affected their activities and significantly changed their daily activities.
It was suggested that in order to increase the physiological resilience of the children as they grow into adolescence from late childhood, there is need to increase their sleep tendencies.
Topic 3. Adolescence
Kim Veroude et.al. (2013). Changes in neural mechanisms of cognitive control during the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 5 (2013) 63 -- 70
The article basically looks into the functional brain maturation during the transitional period from adolescence to the young adulthood.
The method used in data collection was an observation on 74 right handed volunteers who underwent the behavioral session. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the brain maturation as determined by gender though the younger adolescents were observed to show more activation than those in the later years of maturation.
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