Walden Two: Human Nature and Society the

Walden Two: Human Nature and Society The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best. Karl Marx People throughout history, since the beginning of time began, have been expressing dissatisfaction with the way the world is and trying to find ways to make it better. Along the way various fictional societies called "Utopias," after the book of the same name written by Thomas More in 1515 and 1516, were created in an image of perfectionism.

These utopian communities, all somewhat different in many ways and often ultimately oppositional in form and function, nevertheless had one thing in common. Each one boasted proudly that it alone was worthy of the ultimate claim: a foundation of consummate judicial and moral principles with the ultimate result of effortless happiness and true freedom for all its people. B.F.

Skinner admits that when he wrote Walden Two in 1945 is "was not a bad time for Western Civilization." (Skinner, January 1979) This was an innocent time that did not yet know the daunting confusion and helpless anxiety of a world being decimated by hate crimes, crack babies, deadbeat dads, industrial pollution, melting polar ice caps, and the greenhouse effect, AIDs and Hep C Yet Skinner was still compelled to write a book that outlined what he believed would be a perfect society, where behavioral engineering is used to manipulate the environment and the people in it to function in a way that guarantees a comprehensive and idealistic community, based on moral and legal standards so high that freedom for every citizen is guaranteed.

Skinner himself says in his Preface to Walden Two that "the dissatisfactions which led [him] to write Walden Two were personal." (January 1976) Either way, as masses everywhere in every time, he was unhappy and searching for a resolution, even if it was only a literary one. Morality In today's society, Christian values are more often expounded than embodied. There are true Christians who practice what they preach, so to speak, but quite often the beliefs seem to be more important than the actual values.

In W2, there is a group of people who do not have a formal institution such as a church to tell them what is right and wrong, nor do they have formalized sanctions such as the promise of an afterlife spent in heaven or the threat of suffering in hell. Yet they still seem to know the difference between right and wrong and do it.

In fact, in the real world, the Christian politicians are usually the worst of the hypocrites, spouting their beliefs during the day and cheating on their wives, having homosexual relationships, and snorting cocaine during the night. Eliminating politics altogether serves to bring W2 closer than our society to a Christian society without even trying. In terms of right and wrong, W2 has a much different set of values than modern society.

Today's society is entirely preoccupied with the morals and goals that are espoused by commercialism and consumerism, such as the Puritan work ethic, profits over personalities, and "the one with the most toys wins." The values of W2 include a four-hour work day, an equal division of labor and goods, and an emphasis on leisure time and giving meritorious value to the arts.

Right and wrong is determined by the behavior and choices of the population and by what seems to make the majority content and happy, as in Chapter Eight of Walden Two when Frazier explains how they "change the value [of labor-credits] according to the needs of the community." (Skinner, 1948) Traditional religion is internalized through the means of threat and fear.

Non-practicing Catholics who spent childhoods reciting catechism in private schools and disgruntled Christians who were raised on fire and brimstone are common throughout our today's society and prove Frazier's point that traditional faith lacks credence. Frazier is proven correct by the end of the book that W2's methods do raise citizens who are disciplined, loving, and grateful, but it is unclear as to whether or not the way that this is accomplished is rational or not.

The simple lack of faith does not prove that Frazier's techniques of "mild shock treatments" described in Chapter Ten are more rational. (Skinner, 1948) Politics In effect, the modern day social contract is based on an exchange principle. Our citizens work hard and pay their taxes, even when they are making minimum wage and cannot afford to feed and house a family after they do so, and in return our government is expected to provide protection, access to health care, and goods and services.

The current interest in politics is based on the feeling that the government is not fulfilling its part of this contract. Whether or not this is factual or merely perceived, this feeling leads to an interest and involvement in our government. No American citizen ever talks about becoming a senator or governor or president because they want to carry on with the way things are - people run in elections because they sincerely want to make changes.

Either that or they want to get or keep control of something or someone or both. Based on this argument, this author supports Frazer's assertion that people do not genuinely care about political participation when they have control over their own lives. Freedom The biggest.