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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon as Metacognitive Experience
We have all had that moment when we feel that we know what we should say but are unable to say it. We can picture the word in question, letters associated with that word, sometimes we even voice the first letter of the word. We get the feeling that we can recall a work but cannot access it right away. This is what the tip-of-the-tongue state is like in experiential terms. Many of us use the saying it is stuck on the tip of my tongue without realizing that this an actual term studied and defined through psychology.
The tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT) was first viewed as a psychological phenomenon by William James but he did not label it as such (James, 1890). More research with time arose regarding the concept covered by Sigmund Freud who discussed the subject as an unconscious psychological factor that may cause a person to forget familiar words. (Freud, 1965).
It was not until Roger Brown and David McNeil (1966) wrote their article in the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior that three states were associated with the tip of the tongue or "TOT" as it is often referred to. The three stages at the time that were recognized were first that people "recognized...
325).
During the study conducted by Brown and McNeil when people experience TOT they were asked to talk about the target way in a descript manner by describing the letter that they thought the word to begin with, how many syllables they felt it had, what they thought the word sounded like, meant, etc. (Brown, McNeill, 1966, p. 325).
The question now is whether TOT is the result of lexical retrieval failure or metacognitive awareness.
Lexical retrieval failure is a cognitive state "of temporary inaccessibility" (Schwartz, 2006, p. 149).
Metacognitive awareness represents a state of emotion -- that is, the "feeling of temporary inaccessibility" (Schwartz, 2006, p. 149).
In other words, lexical retrieval is defined as a matter of cognition whereas metacognitive experience is defined as a matter that goes beyond cognition, and in the case of TOT, is related to the impact of emotions. TOT, according…
References
Brown, R., McNeill, D. (1966). The 'tip of the tongue' phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5(4): 325-337.
Freud, S. (1965). The Psychopathy of Everyday Life. NY: Norton.
Gardiner, F., Craik, F., Bleasdale, F. (1973). Retrieval difficulty and subsequent recall. Memory and Cognition, 1(3): 213-216.
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. NY: Henry Holt & Company.
Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (2011). Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: Retrieval, behavior, and experience. Memory & Cognition, 39(5): 737-749. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-010-0066-8
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