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The oxygen attaches to the blood cells and this is the means by which oxygenated blood returns to the body.
We are investigating the lower lobe of the right lung. This part of the lung is generally free from bacteria and that is the case here; our human is healthy. Nonspecific immunity refers to the mechanisms the body uses collaboratively with other systems. In the lower lobe, the spongy outside provides a physical barrier to the entry of bacterium. Inside, the lungs are made up of epithelium, cells that line cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body. The honeycombed formation of epithelium gives the inside of the lungs much more surface area than on the outside.
According to Science News (2009), it is not uncommon for people to die from lung complications of a disease rather than the disease itself. Epithelial cells in the airway signal the immune system when bacteria are inhaled. Before bacteria reach us in the lungs, the immune system calls for white blood cells to move into the bloodstream to fight potential infection. Epithelial cells also have been shown to detect allergens.
T cells, short for T. lymphocytes, are white blood cells derived from the thymus gland. They play a key role in fighting infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. These cells secrete a type of protein, cytokines, which regulate or aid in the immune response.
Now that we have assurance that the lungs are clear and free of bacteria, we are ready to bring our fantastic voyage...
When the blood first came to the lungs through the pulmonary capillaries, there is very little oxygen. The hemoglobin in the red blood cells has carbon dioxide bound to it; the carbon dioxide leaves the blood and passes through the alveolar membrane into the air sac. The alveolar membrane is a thin tissue barrier made up of three major types of alveolar cells. Type I, squamous alveolar cells, form the structure of the alveolar wall. Great alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension, thus increasing the membranes capacity to exchange gases. Finally, there are macrophages. They destroy foreign matter, such as bacteria.
The transfer of gases happens very rapidly -- a fraction of the second -- and so we are propelled very quickly with the air that is exhaled. We travel in our miniscule craft up through the lung to the right primary bronchus, the trachea, then through the sinus cavity. We leave the body through a nostril with an exhalation of air.
Our entire trip took less than one minute. Because it was a fantastic voyage, we had time to explore. We are grateful that our host was at rest while we took our voyage; had she been active, we would have traveled through the body, from the femoral vein to the lungs and out through exhalation in even less than a minute.
References femoral vein. (2011). In MedicineNet.com. <http://www.medterms.com
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"Research elucidates way lungs fight bacteria and prevent infection." (2009). Science
News Jan 29, 2009. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases
/2009/01/090123101205.htm>.
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