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Kennedys Europe Trip
Kennedy felt the need to strengthen the Atlantic alliance in 1963 for a number of reasons. He was suspicious of Gen. De Gaulles motives in backing away from the alliance in so far as France appeared to be withdrawing from NATO and promising not to help NATO defend the West in the case of an attack from the East. De Gaulle had stated that he would not help pay for NATO, and Kennedy viewed that France was, in its own way, trying to divide the West. Pick described Kennedys viewpoint in 1963 by writing: the President has evidently become convinced that General de Gaulle will stop at virtually nothing to divide Western Europe from Britain and the US. His actions are considered to have gone beyond mere nuisance value. The US resents the fact that the French decision against paying for United Nations peace-keeping operations was recently delivered in virtually identical terms with those of the Soviet announcement. In other words, while NATO members were suspicious of Kennedy because they thought he was trying to cut a backroom deal with the Soviets, Kennedy was suspicious of France because he thought De Gaulle was trying to do the same thing.
The importance of NATO at this point in history was purely political: the Cold War was underway and the arms race was the hot button issue. NATO was an alliance between the U.S. and the European states against the perceived...…was not about to jump into another military confrontation and did not want to participate in military drills or contribute financially to the NATO line of defense. This exasperated Kennedy on the one hand, and on the other hand he too wanted to effect the peace. He skipped visiting France in his 1963 European visit because he was more interested in strengthening the U.S. image. As Pick (1963) put it: The US has failed to out-manoeuvre France so far. President Kennedy is making an outstanding effort now. General de Gaulle will again be visiting Germany in July. The President, by engaging in a virtual popularity contest. is trying to insure against a further German effort to strengthen Franco-German relations at the expense of the Atlantic alliance. In other…
References
Kennedy, J. F. (1961). Joint statement. Retrieved from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8171
Kennedy, J. F. (1963). State of the Union. Retrieved from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9138
Pick, H. (1963). Why Mr. Kennedy is in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2018/apr/20/why-jfk-is-in-europe-archive-june-1963
This gave NATO the pretext to engage in the Yugoslav conflicts, but it did not do so until 1995. In the intervening years, NATO used primarily diplomatic means of dealing with the situation. The organization at this point was assisting the United Nations, and eventually took at the role of enforcing sanctions against the combatants. During this time, the conflict continued unabated, as the sanctions had only nominal impact.
In fact on page 86 Pane insists that NATO's counter-terrorism strategy "seems to be oscillating between the WM (War Model) and ECJM (Expanded Criminal Justice Model)." The problem is of the 19 nations in NATO, many members see the ECJM model as the best role for NATO and others (the most recent members) prefer the U.S. approach, a more vigorous pursuit of the insurgents. Pane concludes by saying that the
As it related to the cold war the research indicates that the Marshall Plan and NATO created a strong alliance between the democratic superpowers led by the United States. This alliance was unified in their endeavors to prevent the spread of communism. References THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947). United States Department of State http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm Agnew J. And Entrikin J.N. (2004) the Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. Routledge: London. Bonds J.B. (2002) Bipartisan Strategy:
JFK THE "CAMELOT" PRESIDENCY OF JOHN F. KENNEDY The Camelot Years: The years in which John F. Kennedy served as President of the United States (1961-1963) are often referred to as the "Camelot Years," due to his efforts to move the country forward and his image as a youthful, vigorous and confident leader, not to mention the presence of his eloquent and sophisticated wife, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. These "Camelot years" were also highlighted
JFK Inaugural Speech It was a very cold day on January 20th, 1961, when John Fitzgerald Kennedy took the oath of office, was sworn in as the new president, and delivered a rousing speech to a shivering audience and to a television audience worldwide. The young president was forceful, quite eloquent and used phrases that have become iconic in the American experience. This paper reviews and critiques the speck. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/mar2004/nf20040312_0969_db056.htm Blaum, P. And Fong, V. Bush's media challenges recall those of JFK. Monday, April 5, 2004. Penn State Live. Accessed June 11, 2008; available at http://live.psu.edu/story/6272 Eland, I. Ivan Eland compares George W. Bush's performance to other post-Second World War presidents. July 16, 2006.. Calgary Herald. Accessed June 11, 2008; available at http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1766 John F. Kennedy. Address before the American Society of Newspaper Editors. President John F. Kennedy. Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington,