Self as a Mental Representation Today, all directions of psychological study recognizes the importance of an individual's understanding of him- or herself in order to achieve and maintain mental health. Indeed, it is often when such a self-concept malfunctions that mental health begins to suffer. Feenstra's concept of self-schema is a good starting point for understanding the self. The concept of self-schema refers to an individual's conscious and unconscious beliefs and assumptions about him- or herself. This can be used not only by each individual to understand the self better and to promote mental health and functioning, but also by professional psychologists and researchers in their aim to understand and assist those whose self-schema have malfunctioned in some way.

Self-schema, by definition, refers to a set of memories about the self created over the long-term. Generally, these memories have achieved stability and refers to a person's beliefs, experiences, and generalizations about him- or herself and how he or she would behave in specific situations. These beliefs, generalizations and experiences can refer to any aspect of the individual's self, including physical appearance, personality traits, and interests. To function as a self-schema, the individual must consider these beliefs an important to their own self-definition.

It is a well-accepted paradigm that each individual experiences the self differently. This is because of the differences in self-schema that each person builds over a lifetime of experience (Horowitz, 2012). Since these are generally unconscious, the individual usually has little control over the generalizations that become dominant at different times. An individual with an introverted self-schema, for example, would experience some discomfort in social situations. This is an unconscious reaction based upon the individual's past experiences and cultivated beliefs about him- or herself.

According to Horowitz (2012), the self-schemas are unconscious, but can themselves...

Experience may reinforce or dispel an existing self-schema, for example, which will affect the strength and longevity of the schema involved. The inputs that feed the self-schema can be of either personal or social origin and they are not necessarily consistent with each other. A lack of consistency in self-schema organization, however, can lead to a rather fragmented sense of self. This, in turn, can result in mental malfunction when driven to the extreme. Horowitz (2012) refers to the organization of self-schemas as self-organization. When the organization is relatively consistent, one achieves a self-organization that is harmonious. This is why researchers in psychodynamics can find the study of self-schema very useful in terms of determining the origin and treatment of mental disorders, and also simply to achieve a better understanding of an individual's mental functioning.
According to Horowitz (2012), the idea of identity is a sense of sameness in the self-schema over time. The more consistent the organization of self-schema, the more consistent and solid the idea of identity, whether in conscious or intuitive form. These self-schemas can occur in the form of scripts, future intentions and expectations, and core values. Scripts are created by repeated experience, which forges the self-schema into a consistent belief or concept. This affects the individual's intentions and expectations about self-realization. Core values form the basis of scripts and future intentions.

Because of the complex and integrated nature of self-schemas, a faulty functioning in any aspect of these can result in significant mental disorders. However, an understanding of schema formation and functioning can also help therapists to create effective modes of treatment, as suggested by Renner, Van Goor, Huibers, Arntz, Butz, and Bernstein (2013).

The authors conducted a study on the effects of schema therapy on young adults with personality disorders. This therapy was…