Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Massive and long Roman road leading directly through the center of cities according to Zaker, forms the core of the identity of these outposts, as they then felt connected and a fundamental part of the whole of the empire, as it grew. (p. 29)
In addition to Capitolium, road centralization and city planning new public buildings, often sanctuaries or temples and tomb monuments served to centralize the minds of the people with their substantial visual representation garnering immediate respect for the public entities who developed them and the city itself and an entity. (pp. 29-33) Even the most lowly individuals on the food chain, at least living in the city or even visiting it had an idea in mind of the planned web of building that connected everything and everyone to the center of the city and the empire. "This close linking, or rather intertwining, of sacred and political space is undoubtedly a specifically Roman concept, expressing an ideological notion of central importance." (p. 33) Post, the 4th BC the Roman city plan became the ideal of the development of Roman outposts and settlements and served as an ideal for the development of ideology. (pp. 40-41) Zankers, admittedly brief review of city planning, limits the idea of conflict between individual Roman citizens, all who came from Rome and were often honored for military conquests and the indigenous populations, in its discussion of Roman city building and identity. The work Roman Pompeii, does more to express this essential conflict. (Laurence, 2007)
Yet, it can also be said that the act of submitting indigenous populations to the Roman city plan and Roman ideas and laws, most often just before and after military conquest, also helped glue the society together as the indigenous populations eventually felt at least protected by if not a part of the centralized identity of the empire, through public building. (pp. 20-38) Pompeii in fact offers a significant example of Roman city building and planning, as it was fundamentally locked in time by the volcanic eruption of Vesuvius.
The planning of the public spaces represent a transformation of an outpost into a Roman city, and though there was still marked conflict over representation and ownership, between colonists and Roman citizens planning is still the...
(pp. 20-38) Additionally, even before the conquest of the outpost there were centralized and centrally planned public works that were the impetus of the magistrates of Rome. In the late 3rd century the magistrates were responsible for or at least involved in nearly every aspect of public improvement, embellishments such as sundials, temples, arenas and public baths. (p. 20) After conquest these public works increased in number and size, and may have led to greater conflict, yet through conflict there is identity building, be it as part of or as outsiders of the larger empire.(p. 20-31) the foundations for Roman conquest and protector-ship began insidiously through Roman building and organization of space and public works.
In Becoming Roman the urbanization and identity building of the Guals is discussed at great length (Woolf, 2003, pp. 112-127) "To be sure each city had its own history...." many were, "transformed gradually into an early Gallo-Roman town...then replaced by a new city on a green field site twenty miles away at Autun, where an orthogonal street grid, circuit walls and civic monuments might be constructed from scratch." (p. 113) and so it went all over the Roman empire, until Rome reached such outposts as were simply to far away to be supported by more than soldierly activities, such as one finds in northern Europe, England and Scotland, though each was still significantly affected by Roman planning and identity. Finally, Perkins and Nevett in their chapter Urbanism and Urbanization in the Roman World, develop the idea that the Roman city is in and of itself the ideal of what a city is even in the ideal of today. (2000, pp. 213-244)
Bibliography
Laurence, R. (2007) (2nd ed). Roman Pompeii: Space and Society. New York: Routledge, 20-38.
Perkins, P & Nevett, L. (2000). Urbanism and Urbanization in the Roman World: Huskinson, J. (ed) Experiencing Rome, Huskinson, J. Ed. New York: Routledge, 213-244.
Woolf, G. (2003) Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilizations in Gaul. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press.
Zanker, P. (2000). The City as Symbol. in: Fentress, E & Alcock (eds). Romanization and the City. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series #38, 25-41
Bibliography
Laurence, R. (2007) (2nd ed). Roman Pompeii: Space and Society. New York: Routledge, 20-38.
Perkins, P & Nevett, L. (2000). Urbanism and Urbanization in the Roman World: Huskinson, J. (ed) Experiencing Rome, Huskinson, J. Ed. New York: Routledge, 213-244.
Woolf, G. (2003) Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilizations in Gaul. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press.
Zanker, P. (2000). The City as Symbol. in: Fentress, E & Alcock (eds). Romanization and the City. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series #38, 25-41
This in turn drew more workers (Hassan 2004). The result is that Kuala Lumpur has added millions to its population and enjoys a far greater average annual income than does rural Malaysia. Indeed, Harris-Todaro also helps to explain urban-urban migration in Malaysia. As Kuala Lumpur has grown to be the country's primate city, it has captured migration from smaller urban areas, including the region's former primate cities such as
Roman Empire in Greece & the East The gradual "Romanization" of the Hellenistic world is attested to solidly by material culture: architectural, archeological and numismatic evidence abounds to show that the Romans would have a real and substantial presence in those eastern areas which had once been the dominions of Alexander the Great. But in order to assess the Hellenistic response to this Romanization, we need to look beyond the material
Population and Urbanization in Brazil Brazil, officially known as the Federative Republic of Brazil, is located in the eastern side of South America. Without a doubt, Brazil is the largest of the Latin American countries as it covers about half of the South American continent. Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru Uruguay, and Venezuela are some of its well-known neighboring countries. Its capital is Brasilia while Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro
The Roman diet was based on cereals: "Emmer was the first food of the ancient inhabitants of Latium, and the offerings of emmer...are a strong confirmation. That emmer porridge, rather than bread, was the staple of the Romans" (Pliny, cited by Purcell, 2003). In the households that had kitchen quarters, Roman women baked their own bread. Those who live in one room apartments had to purchase their food ready
Urbanization in Latin America was the result of the industrialization that took place in the 18th century and attracted rural population to migrate in order to get better employment and life facilities. However, Neoliberalism caused privatization and resulted in the economic opportunities and growth prospects but the long-term effects tend to be declining in terms of growth due to the imbalance of job availability and job requirements and autonomy of
Old and New Leadership Styles Max Weber was correct that in modern society, the power of the bureaucracy increased exponentially with urbanization and industrialization, particularly when it was called upon to deal increasingly with social and economic problems. Such organizations were hardly designed to enable others to act within a democratic or participatory system, but to act on their behalf and direct them from above in a very hierarchical system. For