11) Jet streams can have abundant influence on ground-level weather by creating low-pressure centers that can lead to storms, and the streams can continue to steer these storms once they are formed

12) Thunderstorms and tornadoes are more likely to occur in the mid-afternoon because they come as the result of heated air that then rises in a column and the rapidly cools; the initial heating is more likely to reach adequate levels for causing a storm during the later afternoon.

Chapter 13

5) Oxygen isotopes found in rocks can vary greatly as they are subjected to different temperatures, with hotter temperatures creating "overwriting" of isotopes left by cooler temperatures. The preservation of certain rocks and their oxygen isotopes can yield clues about climate in ancient times.

6) One major problem that climatologists face in using computers to try and model future weather is the lack of adequate and reliable...

The sheer complexity of modeling weather patterns is also largely prohibitive to accurate modeling.
7) the aspects of the Earth's movements that are taken into account in Milankovitch theory are the eccentricity of its orbit, axial tilt, and the precession or reorientation of the rotating axis.

8) Evidence of past carbon dioxide concentrations from ice cores show a strong correlation to temperature changes as measured through a variety of sources, suggesting that the two are very closely linked and that changes in carbon concentration can have major and rapid effects on temperature.

9) Ocean circulation has a huge effect on climate, changing and creating temperature patterns throughout the globe, and transferring heat from certain areas to others, and providing large amounts of water for evaporation and as carbon sinks, reabsorbing many atmospheric gases.

10) the Pleistocene epoch saw several periods of major global cooling, ending with the last ice age approximately ten thousand years ago. Warming also occurred between these ice ages, and all of this had a major effect on individual weather incidents and patterns during the epoch.