Aversive Control
Punishment can be defined as a way to reduce a given behavior by attaching a consequence to behaving a certain way or doing a particular thing. Some of the consequences that denote positive punishment include loud noise, electric shock and a reprimand. The consequences that denote negative punishment include money, access to a given social environment and food. Several studies have discussed the effects and implications of aversive control. The main topics that have been covered include how they affect the use of nicotine, analysis of man's neuropsychiatric behavior and the use of aversive techniques such as punishment tools.
An aversive stimulus can maintain the behavior of an organism that rids another organism of the targeted aversive stimulus. This is definitely different from positive reinforcement where the reinforcing event is the production of the stimulus. One distinct characteristic of aversive control is an avoidance or escape behavior targeted. The maintained behavior may be further strengthened through the use of aversive stimulus. This explains why aversive control is a popular method of behavioral control despite the resultant effects which may be negative, and sometimes, instances of it being ineffective in the long-term. Certain types of aversive control are practically non-social, as is the case with chain behaviors where there is need for a series of performances where each performance is the stepping stone for the next, as...
This review will focus on the three main areas of concern mentioned:
Efficacy and Ethics of Punishment
There has been a lot of controversy over punishment and this has led to many papers taking contradicting positions with some arguing fiercely whether the use of aversive stimuli is legal or not, and whether or not the long-term effects warrant its use. As per the survey done for the research, respondents noted that even non-aversive procedures have some aversive components embedded into them. Since it has been found that using interventions with aversive components can be more effective than those that do not incorporate punishment, with people indicating that they prefer such interventions over their non-aversive counterparts, there is need for empirical research. The past several years have seen many commentators call for more research to be carried out on aversive control and punishment. From the survey, we can conclude that researchers agree with these commentators that more research needs to be done (DiGennaro & Lovett, 2008).
Behavioral Control and Nicotine
The few instances where nicotine acts as a reinforcer might be connected, in some way, to nicotine's aversive effects. This is to say that nicotine's stimulus effects can make an organism behave in a way indicating that they want to limit exposure to nicotine.…
Supervision: When to Use Directive Control Behaviors This paper is about many different aspects of effective supervision, training and evaluation, but the main concern here is control. It can be assumed that the supervisor has control over the supervisory situation, but this would be an oversimplification of the relationship between a line employee and their direct boss. Control is a shared entity because though the supervisor may determine the course an
Self-Regulation Issues in Children and Adolescence with ADHD, ODD, and OCD Self-regulation in children and adolescence who suffer from ADHD, ODD, and OCD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder) is often evident due to several things. A lot of the issues in relation to self-regulation stem from additional anxiety the child/teen may feel from the difficulties experienced from these kinds of mental disorders. OCD is known
Positive and Neg. Rein Toddler Social learning theory has given parenting and child development a new lease on life. With the current focus in psychology, and more specifically child psychology, many researchers, educators, child-care providers and parents have gained a new understanding of the intricacies of positive and negative reinforcement and the impact both have upon children. Social learning theory asserts that learning or knowledge acquisition and behavior do not
Behavioral and Long-Term Effects of Spanking Behavioral and Long-Term Effect of Spanking Many of the studies pointed out that violence of adult are traced in the pattern of violence at home, and mostly in the experience of spanking during childhood. Despite the information and advocacy available in almost all media these days, there are still parents who thought that spanking their children to emphasize discipline is still beneficial. The benefits cited by
Retrieved April 2, 2008, at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14125483.html The Columbia World of Quotations. (1996). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from: www.bartleby.com/66/. David, Daniel. "Quo Vadis Cbt? Trans-Cultural Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Interviews With the Current Leadership in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies." Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies; one 9/1/2007. Retrieved April 2, 2008, at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1364057551.html www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95724398 Debell, C.S. (1992) B.F. Skinner: Myth and Misperception. Teaching of
Thus instrumental condition would rely on the notion that a person generates a response rather than an environmental stimulus. I have found that both people and stimulus may elicit certain behaviors both in and outside of the classroom. Instrumental conditioning is modeled after animal experiments which showed that the individual's environment can reinforce response controls, thus the best responses occur when reinforcement of a particular behavior is given. This I