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A lack of cohesion in the approaches used to study test taking strategies and to practically apply knowledge obtained through academic research is also cited as problematic (Cohen, 2006). Without an appropriate way to measure and assess test taking strategies and their impact on test validity, more valid language testing methodologies cannot be developed.
Internal measures of construct validity have grown more sophisticated as a means of addressing both test taking strategy concerns and other potential issues when it comes to language test validity, but these have been far from entirely successful in making assurances against the erosion of test validity in the face of test taking strategy implementation (Goh & Aryadoust, 2010; Lee, 2011). Test taking strategies such as clue-word orientation, multiple choice elimination strategies, and a variety of other test taking strategies that are not involved with assuring proper knowledge representation but rather with "fooling" or "gaming" the test itself are all but impossible to control for (Lee, 2011; Mohamaddi & Abidin, 2012). Elements of test design, from the test type to the length of the test to the arrangement of specific items and the wording of specific questions, are the only ways to create greater validity, and there is no design...
Instead, ongoing efforts in test design and in educational design -- from instruction to testing patterns -- buts continue to be researched and adapted/adjusted as deemed necessary in order to attain the highest possible level of validity. Continuing to shift all of these elements in response to changing strategies will ensure long-term validity.
References
Amer, a. (2007). EFL/ESL Test-Wiseness and Test-Taking Strategies. Sultan Qaboos University [dissertation].
Cheng, L. (2008). The key to success: English language testing in China. Language Testing 25(1): 15-37.
Cohen, a. (2006). The Coming of Age of Research on Test-Taking Strategies. Language Assessment Quarterly 3(4): 307-31.
Goh, C. & Aryadoust, S. (2010). Investigating the Construct Validity of the MELAB Listening Test through the Rasch Analysis and Correlated Uniqueness Modeling. Spaan Fellow Working Papers in Second or Foreign Language Assessment 8: 31-68.
Education The English language learner (ELL) student population continues to grow at a higher rate than the student population does as a whole. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics the general population grew 9% from 1993 to 2003, while the ELL population increased 65% during that same time. The ELL student population is estimated to now include 10% of all students (English Language Learners, 2005). ELL students face the challenging
.., 2004). Direct Instruction (DI) is a model for teaching that emphasizes well-developed and carefully planned lessons designed around small learning increments and clearly defined and prescribed teaching tasks. It is based on the theory that clear instruction eliminating misinterpretations can greatly improve and accelerate learning (Stockard, n.d.). Bibliography Clowes, G. (2001, February 01). "Whole Language" faulted for U.S. reading woes. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from the Heartland Institute: http://www.heartland.org/publications/school%20reform/article/10248/Whole_Language_Faulted_for_US_Reading_Woes.html Hanson, G. (1999, February
Theoretically, CLIL draws on research that situates the integration of language and content as the relationship between form and meaning. An understanding of the theory and practice related to the content-based classroom is essential to the present study. In this section of the chapter, I outline the underlying theory and rationale commonly cited as a basis for CLIL, review empirical research that has evaluated CLIL in the classroom, and
Bilingual First Language Acquisition Bilingual Paradox Bilingual Deficit Hypothesis Unitary Language System Hypothesis Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis Differentiated Language System Hypothesis Vocabulary Development The MacArthur CDI Linguistic Milestones Lexical Identifiers Translation Equivalents Interlocutor Sensitivity Language Choice Codemixing Parental Discourse Strategies Early Constraints It is common knowledge that all over the globe young children seem to effortlessly acquire two or more languages at one time. Yet some uphold the belief that children who are exposed to multiple languages too early (with the dividing line as to what is
Iraqi Students The literature review provides an abundance of material related to the educational and cultural aspects of Australian society and how those aspects play into the educating process regarding immigrants and especially high school students from Iraq who immigrate to Australia in search of education and a better way of life. The review focuses not only on the generality of those concepts but on specific aspects as well. Some of
There is also the question of what approach should be used in a given setting. For instance, Lewis-Moreno points out that, "A great deal of energy is expended selecting and defending the model used: Should it be late- or early-exit bilingual, dual language, or English immersion?" (2007, p. 773). Although complex problems require complex solutions, a common theme that runs through the relevant literature concerns the need to use