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¶ … Failures of Civil War Reconstruction
After the close of the Civil War in 1865, the U.S. government initiated a wide-ranging policy of reconstruction aimed at rebuilding the American South. This policy, made up of a first and second reconstruction, offered the promise of creating enduring racial justice. The goals of the first reconstruction included equality for black Americans in politics, voting and the use of public properties, while the second reconstruction promised integration, the end of the Jim Crow laws and the creation of a true biracial democracy. Yet both of these policies failed to bring about the desired goals, mainly due to the lack of economic justice for all black Americans. On October 31, 1865, the Stanton Spectator addressed this with "There is no problem more difficult than the future of the "freedmen." Half a million of ignorant and helpless people have been turned loose... with no capital to begin business, no skill(s)... And no means of providing for themselves...."
The first reconstruction, designed to confront...
During this period, the U.S. Congress was greatly divided on several issues, such as black equality, exactly how to rebuild the South, the re-admittance of Southern states to the Union and the question of governmental control. Amid this chaos, many political groups were attempting to further their own agendas. Southern Democrats, made up of confederate leaders and rich white Southerners, sought to bring an end to what they saw as domination of the South by the Northern alliance. This included the initiation of Black Codes which would limit certain rights of the freed Southern blacks. The moderate Republicans wished to pursue a policy of reconciliation between the Confederacy and the Union while ensuring that slavery was forever abolished. The radical Republicans, made up of Northern politicians, greatly opposed slavery yet were unsympathetic towards the South and wished to maintain their majority in Congress. One of the major players in all this was President Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's vice-president, whose main goal was to unify the nation at all costs.
As the majority voice in Congress, the radical Republicans became the main political group which set the goals for Southern reconstruction with a focus on preventing slavery from becoming a force in the South by outlawing…
Bibliography
American Passages: A History of the United States. Chapter 15. Ayers website. http://azimuth.harcourtcollege.com/history/ayers/MainAP/welcome.html
Andrew Johnson Impeachment. Internet. http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com.Harper's Weekly Online Resources.
Post-Civil War Reconstruction In 1860, the federal budget was $63 million and in 1865, federal government expenditures totaled approximately $1.3 billion, not including the money spend by the Confederate government (Civil pp). In 1879, an estimate placed war-related costs to that date at $6.1 billion, and one estimate places expenditures for the Confederacy through 1963 at $2 billion, after that date, records are not available (Civil pp). The Confederate states lost two-thirds
Reconstruction After Civil War The liberation declaration in 1863 freed African-Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment liberated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result, the mass of Southern blacks now faced the complicatedness which Northern blacks had confronted that of a free people bounded by many hostile whites. One freedman, Houston Hartsfield Holloway, wrote, "For we colored people did not know how to
The action was successful and gave them control over the island. The victory encouraged Gillmore to order another attack, this time on Wagner. He ordered the troops to bomb by land and sea. Robert immediately sent out pickets to complement with whites in other regiments. Early on July 16, 54th companies fought with members of 10th Connecticut. A force of Confederate attacked the picket line but the 54th persisted
In some ways, the Civil War was the analogue of the Terror for Americans: It was the bloodthirsty incestuous violence that allowed the nation to move onward to a full embrace of democracy, joining itself to Europe as the world began to tip toward democratic ideas and ideals. White Supremacy Stephen Kantrowitz's biography of Benjamin Tillman demonstrates how he can be seen as a symbol for an entire cohort of Southerners
consequences of the interventions by the UN in Somalia and Mozambique demonstrates a better scope of identifying situations to predict that the conditionality under which the interference might or might not entail the coveted consequences. A successful intervention is considered to be one where the conflict between adversaries concluded with the effectuation of a formal peace pact. A failure activity on the other hand refers to one where the
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