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Police: History, Structure, and Functions
The policing system's development in Britain was closely followed by a similar development in America. Policing by the initial colonizers assumed two forms: "The Big Stick" (for-profit, private agency policing) and the "Watch" (communal as well as informal) (Spitzer, 1979). Community volunteers primarily charged with warning citizens of imminent danger made up the latter system. The night watch was first implemented in the year 1636 in Boston. New York and Philadelphia implemented night watch system in the years 1658 and 1700, respectively. This system did not prove particularly successful in controlling crime. Supplementing the "watch" mode of policing was a group of official law enforcers, labeled "constables," who were often salaried by a fee system, based on number of warrants served by them. Policing's informal procedure continued for several years following the 1765-83 American Revolution. Only in the 1830s did the U.S. first introduce a municipal, centralized police department.
Widely recognized as contemporary policing's founding father, Sir Robert Peel implemented several key reforms to English criminal law when he was Home Secretary. The changes he effected to the English penal code decreased crimes whose penalty was 'death' and ensured convict education. Robert Peel instituted London's "Metropolitan Police" on the basis of nine self-formulated law enforcement principles. These contemporary police bodies had the following characteristics in common: (1) Bureaucratic and publicly supported organization; (2) Full-time police officers,...
He was known for his stern yet kindly personality. He aided Ireland in instituting a native police force for calming the region's conflicts that surfaced after it joined the United Kingdom. He accomplished far-reaching penal reform, going on to ensure the passing of the 1829 MPA (Metropolitan Police Act) that had a central role to play in the Met's creation. Besides the MPA, he also composed law enforcement's famous 9 "Peelian Principles," which basically maintained that policemen are the citizens and the citizens are policemen; further, crime can be prevented without closely intruding into the lives of citizens (Lewis, 2011).
Certain practices like qualitative meetings with the people rather than counting how many arrests one made and badge-number issuance for guaranteeing officer accountability were derived from Peel's model of community policing. English policemen who were taught the Peelian Principles were stationed across urban areas; society commonly called them 'Bobbies' or 'Peelers' (Lewis, 2011). Robert Peel emphasized crime prevention, and not detection, as the policemen's chief responsibility. He decided to make them directly answerable to himself at…
References
Davis, Rowenna. (2009). Policing the police, The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/feb/28/convention-modern-liberty-police on October 5, 2016.
Lewis, M.A. (2011). "Perspective: Peel's Legacy," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. The FBI. Retrieved from https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/december/perspective-peels-legacy on October 5, 2016.
Lundman, Robert J. (1980). Police and Policing: An Introduction, New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Spitzer, Stephen, (1979). The Rationalization of Crime Control in Capitalist Society, Contemporary Crises 3, no. 1.
Community policing is a strategy that requires both new attitudes and commitments from citizens and new attitudes and commitments from police officers. It builds on the basic practices of policing by emphasizing cooperation between the police department and the citizenry, by emphasizing the prevention of crimes as opposed to just catching perpetrators, and by developing long-term solutions to existing and potential problems in the community (U.S. Department of Justice [DOJ],
Community policing is a philosophy that endorses organizational strategies, which support the orderly use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime (Community Policing Defined, n.d.). Customarily, police organizations have responded to crime after it takes place and, therefore, are planned to support routine patrol, rapid response to calls for service, arrests,
Community Policing Efficacy The Violent Crime Control & Law Enforcement Act of 1994 heralded the beginning of a massive effort to reform policing strategies in the United States, in part through implementation of community-policing programs at the local level. Congress has allocated billions of federal dollars over the years since to support such efforts and by the end of the 20th century, close to 90% of all police departments serving communities
Community Policing According to the United States Department of Justice's Community Oriented Policing Services Website, "Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime." Community policing is defined in similar ways throughout local police departments, although there are enough
Community Policing Instructions: Review literature locate article study addressing a Criminal Justice Organization deals: Community Policing Changes operations a result terrorist attacks 9/11 if a corrections facility, operations a result technology, regulations, demographics. Changes within a criminal justice organization: Community policing article review Lord, V.B., Kuhns, J.B., & Friday, P.C. (2009). Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction. Policing, 32(4), 574-594. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510911000713 Community policing has become a popular approach to improve neighborhood-police relations in many
Community Policing Are community policing models an effective way of containing criminal activity and keeping neighborhoods safe? Should a city, town, or suburb adopt a "community policing model" as a way to take the pressure off the professional law enforcement resources? This paper takes the position that trained law enforcement personnel are best able to do the policing in communities. That said, it is true that alert citizens can keep their