Christian opposition to abortion from biblical times to the present

Christian Beliefs and Abortion

Abortion is a highly controversial issue with the pro-life and pro-choice supporters professing diametrically opposite view-points on the ethical, legal and medical aspects of the issue. The Christian beliefs regarding abortion have generally been against abortion, although in the middle period (5th to 17th century AD), the Christian church had softened its stance on abortion. Presently, most Christian organizations and churches are against abortion but the intensity of opposition varies among different Christian religious groups. In this paper I shall outline the Christian beliefs on abortion from the biblical times to the present, focusing on the anti-abortion arguments.

The Basis of the Christian Belief about Abortion: Biblical Foundation

Christians believe that life starts from the moment of conception, i.e., as soon as the sperm cell fertilizes an egg; the bible prescribes in the Fifth Commandment "thou shalt not kill"; abortion constitutes taking of an innocent life; therefore abortion is murder.

The Old Testament prescribes in Psalm 139, Verse 13: "thou hast covered me in my mother's womb" This has been interpreted by most Christian theologians as meaning that God alone is Lord of the womb and the womb is an inviolable place. Although abortion was practiced by several neighbors of the Israelites in the biblical times, the Hebrews themselves strictly forbade it and considered it a violation of a sacred place -- the womb. Several Jewish writers equated the practice of abortion with fratricide and considered it outright murder, as it made the womb a place of death instead of life.

When Mary chose to give birth to Christ in the face of adversity, giving of life became a sacred duty and a chance provided to mankind for attaining salvation. This further cemented the religious beliefs against abortion and the Christian writers picked up the tradition of anti-abortion writings from the Jewish writers and the earliest Christian documents condemning abortion are mere revisions of Jewish documents. ("Presbyterians and Abortion.")

5th to 17th century AD

In the middle period (5th to 17th century AD), Christian teaching reversed its hard line stance on abortion. St. Augustine (354-430 CE) was largely responsible for this change as he professed the Aristotelian concept of "delayed ensoulment" by contending that a human soul cannot live in an unformed body. St. Augustine was, therefore, of the opinion that abortion in early pregnancy was not murder because no human soul was destroyed. Until the 17th century AD, the Church and several Popes issued a number of edicts ruling only the abortion of an 'animated'

fetus as murder. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) also adhered to this view point and considered only the abortion of an 'animated' fetus as murder. (Robinson, para on "Various Beliefs ... ")

Current Christian Belief on Abortion

The Christian view on abortion began to change again in the 17th century, when the concept of 'simultaneous animation' -- the belief that an embryo acquires a soul at conception, instead of 40 or 80 days into gestation -- began to gain acceptance. However, the canon laws of the church on abortion remained unchanged for a long time until Pope Pius IX dropped the distinction between the "fetus animatus" and "fetus inanimatus" in 1869 -- ending the tolerant approach of the church towards abortion, which continues to this day.

The current Christian belief about abortion is largely based on the anti-abortion references in the scriptures in which life was considered to be a sacred gift from God, the womb being an inviolable place and the idea that life starts at the time of conception. At the same time, the Christian anti-abortion groups have also included some popularized scientific beliefs about pregnancies and abortion in their arsenal to counter the "pro-choice" and feminist arguments in favor of abortion.

For example, the "freedom of choice" pro-abortion argument that a woman has a right of control over her own body and, therefore, should have the right to terminate unwanted pregnancies is countered by the contention that an unborn child is a distinctly separate individual and no one has the right or 'freedom' to end the life of another individual. Hence, restriction on abortion is by no means a violation of 'fundamental rights' of a woman as such 'freedom of choice' does not apply to terminating the life of another individual, i.e., the unborn fetus. The Christian churches and religious pro-life groups now also frequently quote scientific evidence that an unborn fetus has a beating heart, tiny little fingers and toes by just 18 days after fertilization and is not just "a blob of tissue" to be callously discarded.

Another 'feminist' argument about abortion rights, i.e., that the women should have the right to abortion so that they are not disadvantaged viz a viz the men in the job market is also bitterly opposed by the Christian groups. They believe that women's main purpose in life is to participate in "the miracle of life" and the perception in our society about the incompatibility of successful working women with pregnancy is termed by them as a "fallout of our society's failed value system." (Terwilliger, para on "Abortion.")

The opposition to abortion among the Christians is, as should be expected, not absolutely consistent; it is strongest in evangelical, fundamentalist, or pentecostal churches (e.g. Baptists, Assemblies of God), as opposed to the 'mainline' liberal churches such as Methodist, Presbyterian, and Epicospalian. Some of the evangelical churches, for instance, take the extreme position that abortion is not permissible even in cases of rape and incest, arguing that one sin (rape) does not justify another sin (abortion). On the other hand, most mainline churches and ministers favor legal abortions in instances of rape, incest, or when the health of the mother is jeopardized. None, however, support abortion on demand as is the position of the pro-choice groups. (Jelen, 134-142)

Conclusion

The Christian beliefs about abortion have completed a full circle since the biblical times. Initially, the Christian church was firmly opposed to all forms of abortion and considered it a dire sin. In the middle period, the Church changed tracks and allowed abortions in early pregnancy. Since the 17th century, Christians have reverted back to their original stance on abortion with the fundamentalists and evangelists being more strident in their opposition.