Organizational Change and Management

¶ … Change Describe How the Effectiveness of Your Organizational Change Will Be Determined Once It Is Implemented Data analysis will be used to check the effectiveness of the change. In order to guarantee the validity of the utilization management program, accurate and estimated savings on cost computations must be derived from consistent and accurate analysis of data. Achieving such a feat means that a standard must be set up to determine the cost of pharmaceutical provision savings on cost as a result of the implemented program.

It should also be determined early whether indirect costs including devices, price changes and general drug prices, inflation, labor cost and volume changes should be factored in the computations. Scientific evidence and conventional standards of practice should inform such determination. The analysis should also consider the pharmaceutical equivalence based on specific class drugs. The common approach for comparing drugs in a specific class would be to make use of the days of therapy. These should include antibiotics where relevant and scheduled drugs that are administered severally every day.

Using the cost of therapy per course or considering weeks of therapy may be more appropriate for drugs with long half lives and action spans (ASHP Expert Panel on Medication Cost Management, 2008). Correction based on equivalent strengths, units of packaging and sizes is an essential consideration in calculations of cost saving nature; especially for parenteral and liquid drugs. The amount of doses in a container of liquid medication or parenteral medication that comes in large volumes varies as influenced by the container size.

Staff input can be used to determine the equivalent doses; especially in case there is a divergence between manufacturers and available published literature on doses. After determining the method for analyzing data, a savings matrix for drugs will be created. It then becomes the basis tracking tool that monitors the progress of all initiatives as influenced in shifts in utilization. This is what will lead to determining the effectiveness of the change that has been implemented (ASHP Expert Panel on Medication Cost Management, 2008).

Analyze Possible Outcome Measurement Strategies Related to Organizational Change Processes Evaluation of outcome measures the results of the program and provides information to determine whether the program has yielded the change that was intended. Primarily, it would focus on determining the effects of each of the program components, specific data derived from a population group, the selection of groups to compare and choices of evaluation of designs (Process and Outcomes Evaluation, 2016). Community change strategies involve multiple intervention measures.

Each of the interventions targets its unique set of intervening variables or risk factors. It would be useful to focus on the success of a model as opposed to individual variables. The primary question should respond to whether the program is producing the intended results. This approach is often helpful to ensure that focus on progress is maintained (Process and Outcomes Evaluation, 2016). The process of collecting data from an entire population presents various challenges. Therefore it would help to make use of readily available data.

Search for data sources that review interest behaviors for groups of population and such sources as may capture shifts on such behaviors (Process and Outcomes Evaluation, 2016). Selection of an evaluation design is an important strategy. Program designs typically involve determining change among individuals both before and after the intervention. It also involves comparing a treatment group or intervention group with a comparison group. Using an interrupted time series evaluation design is a good example of the process.

The design focuses on trends over a time period at both ends of the process, i.e. before and after the intervention. It provides information on the time the trend is interrupted such as where the change observed occurred. This way, it is possible to determine whether the change observed came before or after the intervention. Application of an interrupted time series design with a control group such as a similar group will also be in place.

Changes that occur over time will then be captured in the community that was subjected to the interventions versus the one that was not. Addition of a comparison group will help determine whether there would still be improvement without intervention. The more the groups compare similarly, the more they suggest that your program led to detected changes (Process and Outcomes Evaluation, 2016). It is also advisable to make use of randomized control designs in which patients are assigned the treatment in focus or an acceptable alternative.

Similar pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment is done on members of the two groups. Owing to the fact that the randomization design process makes it likely for any of the clients to be assigned to any group, a sufficient number of participants ensures control for both pre-treatment and the individual differences in clients and side events that might occur in the course of treatment (WHO, 2000). The changes inventory should also be analyzed and compared in order to read out any variances.

Adopting the prime vendor system that requires that a pharmacy procures bulk amounts of its pharmaceutical supplies from a single supplier is likely to lead to efficiencies in the supply chain of pharmaceutical service. Monitoring the stock replacement and fulfillment of orders is also important in the process. Examine possible offers of incremental fees by wholesalers. Look out for cost minus discount instances too. Effective management of the inventory helps prevent wastage of products. Wastage of drugs is common in many pharmacies; especially IV solutions that are unused.

Many such pharmacies do not even have a system of evaluating such wastage as it is sporadically observed. Such information would help the pharmacist or the manager and the buyer to liaise to utilize reports generated from the reverse so as to detect opportunities for reduction of supply and thus wastage. It would also ensure that all due credits due to the pharmacist are received ((ASHP Expert Panel on Medication Cost Management, 2008).

Determine How You Will Measure Quality, Cost, and Satisfaction Outcomes to Evaluate Your Proposed Organizational Change There is a need to make use of a data driven cost management program in order to effectively measure cost. The cost incurred from distributors, wholesalers, supply chain divisions and pharmaceutical manufacturers will be monitored in a variety of ways. Information technology that makes drug use data accessible is a plausible option. There should be deliberate effort to analyze and manage such data.

The management of the pharmacy will also take advantage of available data. The materials management section, the purchasing unit and the finance department will provide cost data. Medication utilization management program decision-making is driven by both internal and external data sources. These sources must be studied prior to settling on cost related outcomes (ASHP Expert Panel on Medication Cost Management, 2008).

Owing to the fact that the health care system comprises a unique combination of patients, centers of excellence and services, the cost assessment program for drugs should be tailor made to generate a list of priorities for initiatives that will provide the highest value. Some key report areas to consider include. • Purchasing reports for whole sale based on 80/20 analysis by class of therapy and those of the top 200 drugs. These are the drugs with multiple strengths and size.

Monthly trending reports for drugs and benchmarks for pharmacies could also be provided by wholesalers. • The reports for each drug group should be provided. They can be derived from internal sources or from external ones. There should be a distinction between cost and charge data (ASHP Expert Panel on Medication Cost Management, 2008). Measurement of performance is central to the quality outcomes. Several indicators for the right prescriptions will be arranged.

These dynamics are primarily process indicators that show adherence rates guidelines, therapy timeliness for specified conditions, the rate of acceptance of advice and concordance.