HIV/AIDS and Embalming

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is a retrovirus that targets the immune system. It specifically attacks CD4+ T cells, which are important for orchestrating an immune response, leading to progressive immune dysfunction (Wang et al., 2010).

Transmission of HIV occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The primary routes of transmission include sexual contact, sharing needles and other drug injection equipment, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This transmission dynamic categorizes HIV primarily as an acquired disease, although vertical transmission from mother to child also occurs, making it congenitally acquired in some cases (Wang et al., 2010).

The infection begins with flu-like symptoms, such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue, which can occur shortly after the virus enters the body. As HIV advances, it severely weakens the immune system, resulting in more serious conditions and opportunistic infections that characterize AIDS. Patients may experience rapid weight loss, recurring fever, night sweats, persistent exhaustion, swollen lymph glands, and chronic diarrhea.

HIV progresses in three stages. First is the acute infection stage, characterized by rapid viral replication and widespread dissemination throughout the body. Next is the clinical latency stage (HIV dormancy), which may last several years with minimal or no symptoms, though the virus is still active. The final stage is AIDS, which features a severely compromised immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers (Punitha & Kiruthiga, 2021). The progression of HIV to AIDS can span approximately 10 years if left untreated, although this duration varies significantly...

This regimen involves a combination of medicines that hinder the virus's ability to replicate. Although ART cannot cure HIV, it significantly manages the disease and prolongs life. Additionally, certain holistic approaches like nutritional supplementation and stress management may support overall well-being and alleviate symptoms, though they do not influence the virus directly (Arts & Hazuda, 2012).

For mortuary embalmers, handling the remains of individuals who had HIV/AIDS...

…the economic burden can strain not only personal finances but also public health systems, particularly in regions heavily impacted by the disease.

For mortuary embalmers, working with the remains of individuals who had HIV/AIDS necessitates stringent precautions to avoid exposure to the virus. The use of comprehensive PPE is mandatory. Embalmers must take additional care when handling bodily fluids and tissues, employing specialized techniques and stronger embalming chemicals when necessary, particularly when dealing with late-stage AIDS that may involve opportunistic infections or cancers Kadam et al., 2015).

It is also important for embalmers to communicate effectively with the families of the deceased, who may have concerns about the transmissibility of HIV post-mortem. Reassuring families that proper embalming practices neutralize most risks of transmission is essential in providing comfort and ensuring the dignity of the deceased during the embalming process. Thus, understanding and managing HIV/AIDS is important for mortuary embalmers. With appropriate precautions and treatments, the impact of HIV can be effectively managed, ensuring safety and dignity in death care practices. These measures help address the challenges posed…