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Education
Is academic freedom a constitutional right?
In an educational environment as in any other professional sector, The United States constitution protects freedoms of press, expression, and association. Therefore, academic freedom can be considered a constitutional right and especially for public institutions. Restraints on academic freedoms are easier to enforce from a private authority. "When the restraint is internal…the First Amendment generally protects only faculty members in public institutions," (239). Employees in private educational institutions may still rely on contract laws to settle matters related to academic freedom (240).
In public institutions, tenure and other issues related to employee or staff status are irrelevant because of equal protection guarantees embedded in the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment right to free expression may be constrained by institutional concerns such as possible impediments to the educational mission of the school. For example, in Pickering v. Board of Education (1968) the Supreme Court found in favor of the state institution when "maintaining an efficient educational system" is a priority (240). In fact, the Court distinguished between Pickering's rights as citizen and his rights as an employee of an institution. Subsequent related Supreme Court decisions have continued to distinguish between an employee's rights as a citizen vs. The member of an institution (243).
2. What requirements must be observed in the awarding of rank, tenure, and salaries?
"Wide discretion" is offered to public and private institutes of higher learning regarding the awarding of rank, tenure, and salaries (213). The Courts are "less likely to become involved in disputes concerning the substance of standards" than the way those standards are enforced (214). Institutions are constrained by First and Fourteenth Amendment considerations and due process of law. Vagueness and overbreath decisions also impact an institution's decision for awarding (or denying) rank, tenure, and salaries: decisions must be based on clear institutional guidelines.
Academic Freedom Professors have been accused in recent years of indoctrinating rather than educating, of failing to provide balanced perspectives on controversial issues, of creating a hostile learning environment for conservative or religious students, and of injecting irrelevant political asides into class discussion and as such the statement is ostensibly meant to address the very real issues surrounding faculty classroom conduct that have arisen of late (O'Connor). As a result of
Academic Integrity Different scholars have provided their various definitions of academic integrity and narrowed it down to a particular concept. Some define academic integrity as an ethical policy or moral code of academia. Such include values like rigor and honesty within research and academic publishing, maintenance of academic standards and avoidance of plagiarism or cheating. Some have also defined academic integrity as an intellectual honesty; where honesty is based on formulating
1) Quite certainly, this speaks to one of the most fundamental flaws in the implementation of new management fads at the academic level. Pondiscio makes the suggestion that this is often viewed apart from the goal of raising academic standards, improving methods of pedagogy or exploring novel ways of stimulating interest at the curricular level. The assumption that only broad and sweeping change derived from external sources can bring about
S. citizens. In this program designed to help young ones value the freedoms they currently experience: according to Tyler Barnwell, stands for grievance, as in "to petition the government for a redress of grievances." which denotes religious freedom, Leslie Anne Hill, a Presbyterian, states: "means you don't have to follow a certain religion." stands for freedom of assembly, Sherri Jones states is "the right to get together with other people peaceably, but
3. How did the American professoriate change and in what ways did the American Association of University Professors contribute to that change? During this time there was a new idea surrounding academic professionalism that was essential to the creation of a university professoriate. The gradations of rank and promotion which included instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor, became the standard. The ranks were tied to the institution that is
Caselaw.findlaw.com);in Guiles v. Marineau (2006) (No. 05-0327 2nd Cir. Court) the Court of Appeals ruled that the school "violated a student's free speech" by disciplining him for wearing a T-shirt that criticized George W. Bush and used images of drugs and alcohol (www.NSBA.org);Roberts alluded to Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (No. 86-836) (484 U.S. 260) (1988), in which a student newspaper was censored because of an article on pregnancy, as justification for