Health Care and Profits
In general, both for-profit and non-profit hospitals in the U.S. aim to increase their profits. Horwitz (2005) studied the mechanisms for profit-making in health care and determined that for-profit hospitals more actively use profit as the basis for determining the mix of services that they offer. For-profit hospitals will also set up in areas with more profitable (i.e. wealthier) patients. For-profit hospitals are also "more likely to respond to changes in service profitability than the other two types." However, this does not mean that non-profit hospitals are not pursuing profit. They may, if anything, pursue profit less aggressively. Their service mix might not be specifically oriented towards profitable procedures, and their response to changes in profitability for different services might change as well. They still aim to be profitable, and some of them are quite profitable, but they are simply slightly less profit-oriented than their for-profit counterparts.
This is considerably different from the non-profit model found outside of the United States, for example in Canada. In many countries, a non-profit hospital is run by the government, and seeks to at best break even. Under a single-payer system, the profitability of the hospital is basically a moot point. But in the U.S., a non-profit hospital still has to recoup its costs, which are driven by the market system, and that alone means that they must seek to cover their variable costs on everything that they do, with a margin, so that they can then cover their fixed costs. Most non-profit hospitals in the U.S. reasonably price in a similar range to for-profit hospitals, but where they earn profits on some services they will usually take a loss on some other services...
Non-profit hospitals are not owned by investors, but usually have ownership rooted in charitable or community groups. For-profit hospitals are investor-owned. The
investors have a specific interest in earning back returns on that
investment, which is why for-profit hospitals tend to be more aggressive with
respect to pursuing businesses that will result in increased profit. Investor ownership also means that a for-profit hospital is subject to all rules regarding public accounting practices, and are governed in a legal sense like a
corporation. For-profit hospitals, for example, pay a
tax on their
land, where a non-profit hospital might not have to do that. For-profit hospitals have the ability to tap capital markets for
money, either by issuing stock or by borrowing from banks, or via bond issues. This is something that a non-profit hospital cannot do, because non-profits are limited in their ability to access capital markets. Indeed, many formerly non-profit hospitals have converted to for-profit ownership in recent years in order to access capital markets (Becker, 2014).
There is a certain
freedom associated with the for-profit model that is its greatest advantage. A for-profit can not only access capital markets, but that type of hospital has complete freedom over what types of services it wants to perform and what types…
