Tenure Process Higher education system in the United States is dominated by tenure process, which has continued to be a source of controversy when examining the American education system. The controversy associated with tenure within higher education is attributable to the belief that the process generates lazy professionals who are interested in attending conferences and creating unreadable research (Mcpherson & Schapiro, n.d.). Such professionals do not focus on teaching and generating practical insights, which is crucial in higher education. Therefore, this issue requires the identification of a suitable measure to address it in order to enhance the quality of higher education in the country. This process requires examining the background of the tenure process and challenges associated with it.

Background of the Tenure Process

The tenure process is one of the dominant aspect/features of higher education in the United States. This process can be described as a basic concept through which faculty members that have served for a sufficient period of apprenticeship should enjoy security in their positions and can only be removed only for reasonably adequate cause (Cameron, 2010). The tenure system or process was entrenched within America's higher education system to develop a contractual relationship between a college/university and the professor. Based on this system, the contractual relationship is enforceable in a court of law. This essentially implies that the tenure process was adopted in attempts to protect faculty members from the opinion or wishes of the academic institution's administration, students, and faculty.

While the practice of ensuring the safety and job security of scholars in their academic pursuits can be traced back to as early as 1158, the adoption of and significant changes to the tenure system/process in the United States took place in the aftermath of the Second World War. As returning soldiers descended upon American universities and colleges, there was a quick expansion of these institutions and a severe shortage of professors. As a result, higher education institutions started providing formal tenure to professors in order to overcome the problem of shortage of scholars, which in turn contributed to increase in tenure issuances. In the 1950s, the government compelled many state employees to take loyalty oaths, which implied...

During this period professors were increasingly dismissed on the basis of their political views (Savage, n.d.). However, governmental interference in professors' political views diminished in the 1960s as professors supported the anti-war movement (Cameron, 2010).
The tenure system's landscape changed in 1972 following the Supreme Court's decisions in Board of Regents of State College v. Roth and Perry v. Sindermann. In these cases, the Court ruled that if the employment of a tenured professor is terminated, he/she will be entitled to due process. This will entail the right to appear individually in a hearing, the right to evaluate evidence and respond to allegations, and the right to legal counsel (Cameron, 2010). In the 1980s and 1990s, some colleges and universities tried to re-assess the tenure process as a group of tenured professors who were hired to teach baby-boomers were nearing retirement. Regardless of these and other attempts, tenured faculty members are not required to retire on the basis of their age as tenure system remains an important feature of modern higher education.

Current States of the Tenure Process

As previously mentioned, tenure process/system remains an important aspect of today's higher education system. In the past few years, the process has generated controversy with regards to its effectiveness in enhancing the quality of higher education while taking care of faculty members. Young professors and administrators have continued to criticize this process as the number of tenure issuances and tenured-positions in higher education continue to decrease significantly. Young professors and administrators oppose the tenure process on the premise that it's an unfair hindrance towards full-time or tenured employment because tenured scholars remain in their positions way past their retirement age. They also argue that tenured positions are progressively more difficult to obtain while the criteria for hiring professors to such positions are unclear. In essence, the tenure system/process is usually irrational and inequitable because of loosely entrenched criteria of hiring. On the other hand, college and university administrators criticize the tenure process on the premise that it's very expensive to maintain a tenured faculty (Cameron, 2010).

McPherson & Schapiro (n.d.) state that controversies and criticisms regarding the tenure system seemingly focus on concerns on the productivity and commitment of tenured faculty in teaching. Some critics of this process have argued that it contributes to the emergence of a lazy faculty that is…