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Polycystic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. These cysts are filled with fluid and can cause the kidneys to become enlarged and dysfunctional. PKD can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, hypertension, kidney failure, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. PKD is not a disease that can be readily cured, but there are available treatments that can help to control the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for maximizing the chances of a good outcome.
Criteria
PKD is diagnosed using a combination of clinical criteria and imaging tests. The clinical criteria for diagnosing PKD include the presence of two or more cysts in each kidney, renal cysts in a first-degree relative, and/or renal impairment due to PKD. Imaging tests such as ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRI scans can be used to confirm the presence of kidney cysts. In some cases, genetic testing may also be performed to confirm a diagnosis of PKD.
There is no cure for PKD, but there are treatments that can help to control the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease (Patel et al., 2009). Treatments for PKD include ACE inhibitors (to control blood pressure), diuretics (to reduce fluid retention), pain relievers, and antibiotics (to treat urinary tract infections). In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to drain cysts or remove diseased kidneys. kidney transplants may also be an option for patients with end-stage renal failure.
PKD is a serious condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis and treatment, many patients with PKD are able to live long and healthy lives.
Description of the pathology
Due to cysts that are filled with fluid and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters, PKD can cause the kidneys to become enlarged and can lead to kidney failure. The exact cause of PKD is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with a mutation in a gene that regulates cell division. Some researchers have indicated that pathology may be due to defects in cilia-mediated signaling activity (Patel et al., 2009). Halvorson et al. (2010) have stated that PKD is thought to result from defects in the primary cilium, an immotile, hair-like cellular organelle present...…pain. In some cases, surgery may be needed to remove cysts or treat complications. While there is no way to completely prevent PKD, early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes and quality of life (Patel et al., 2009). Pharmaceutical treatments may be available but have to be judged on a person by person basis, as not all drugs will agree with the individual patient in every case. Treatment is very much a person-centered approach focusing on what works best.
Conclusion
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous cysts in the kidneys. PKD cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can grow to a large size and may eventually replace much of the normal kidney tissue. This can lead to kidney failure and other complications. Although PKD can occur in both adults and children, it often takes many years for the cysts to cause significant renal impairment. In most cases, PKD is diagnosed using imaging tests, such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan. A diagnosis of PKD may be confirmed with genetic testing. There is no cure for PKD, but treatments are available to help relieve symptoms and prevent or slow the…
References
Halvorson, C. R., Bremmer, M. S., & Jacobs, S. C. (2010). Polycystic kidney disease:inheritance, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease, 3, 69.
Patel, V., Chowdhury, R., & Igarashi, P. (2009). Advances in the pathogenesis andtreatment of polycystic kidney disease. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 18(2), 99.
Wallace, M. A. (1998). Anatomy and physiology of the kidney. AORN journal, 68(5),799-820.
Acute kidney diseases can be severe in the short-term but once treated, the kidney functions return to normal (National Institutes of Health). Hemolytic uremic syndrome and Nephrotic syndrome are acute kidney diseases affecting children. Most acute kidney diseases are caused by trauma, injury, or poisoning. Chronic conditions include deformed kidneys that are due to birth defects, the hereditary disease polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Glomerular diseases, and Systemic diseases (National Institutes
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder distinguished by the growth of lots of cysts in the kidneys ("Polycystic Kidney Disease" 1). In the majority of cases, this genetic disease is passed down through families as an autosomal dominant trait. If a parent is the carrier of the gene, there is a fifty percent chance for the children to develop the disorder ("Polycystic Kidney Disease"). The kidneys are two organs.
Chronic Kidney Disease Over the last several years, the issue of chronic kidney disease has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because when someone becomes older, the more likely they will develop this condition. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Kidney Foundation, once someone reaches above the age of 50, there is a 50% of them becoming susceptible to it. As they increase in
, Sweet, Starkey, Shekelle, 2013, p. 835). Depending on whether the patient is in early-stage vs. late-stage prognosis, the patient will be offered different treatments and approaches to managing the disease and its effects. According to Qaseem et al., Stage 1 -- 3 CKD is treated in a variety of methods; different types of medicine, diets, exercise, and other treatments and approaches are all available, some with better results than others
Acute Kidney DiseaseAcute kidney disease also known as acute renal failure is a disease which happens to be associated with high mortality and morbidity. The said disease is caused by ischemia (1). Previous studies have revealed the association between ischemia and loss in NPK cells and cadherin cleavage owing to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). One such study was conducted to identify MMP that was needed for N-cadherin loss and N-cadherin cleavage.
Chronic Kidney Disease CKD, or Chronic Kidney Disease, refers to the impairment a person suffers in his/her kidneys, which may result in their reduced function, as time progresses. Chronic Kidney Disease is used as a replacement for previously held terms, such as the Chronic Renal Failure and Chronic Renal Insufficiency by the paediatric nephrology specialists. These terms were formerly used to describe the reduction of renal functions, whether to a large