Companies and Corporate Social Responsibility A Change in the External Environment Forcing a Company to Make Changes in the Way it Functions

Example: Rising Healthcare Costs, Rising Senior Population and Deepening Complexity of Medicare Part D lead to AARP/Walgreens Team to Assist Senior Citizens

The "Association of American Retired Persons" (AARP) was established to assist senior citizens with their needs, including medical issues (Novelli, 2009), while Walgreens, Co. (Walgreens) is a pharmaceutical giant with quarterly sales in excess of $16 billion, more than 60% of which is from prescription sales (Spain, 2010). Over a course of decades, the senior population of the U.S. significantly increased: between the 2000 U.S. Census and the 2010 U.S. Census, the country's population of persons aged 65 and older "increased 15.1% to 40.3 million, or 13% of the population" (Senior Journal, 2011). Meanwhile, there was a dramatic increase in U.S. healthcare costs: "Expenditures in the United States on health care surpassed $2.3 trillion in 2008, more than three times the $714 billion spent in 1990, and over eight times the $253 billion spent in 1980 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). Finally, Medicare Part D, the facet of Medicare covering seniors' prescriptions, is a complicated program: each state reportedly has 40 -- 50 choices of Medicare policies and recipients reportedly had a difficult time choosing their policies (Medicaid Part D, 2009). (Please note that the web site name of "Medicaid Part D" is misleading, as this was, in fact an interview about Medicare Part D.) Medicaid Part D was further complicated by Health Care Reform: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L 111-148), signed by President Obama on March 23, 2010, reduces enrollees' prescription copays and gradually phases in different subsidy tiers for drugs...

Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). Recognizing that senior citizens were awash in rising costs and deepening complexities, AARP and Walgreens instituted a program whereby Walgreens' "pharmacy teams" would assist senior citizens with their enrollment in Medicare Part D (Novelli, 2009), (Walgreens Co., 2011).
b. Ways in Which Companies Could Have Anticipated and Prepared for the Trend

Though all sources were studiously limited to the past 5 years, the trends triggering AARP's/Walgreens' program developed over decades and are obvious: the rising senior population could be predicted by the high number of "baby boomers"; rising health costs were also apparent, gradually rising from $253 billion in 1980 to $714 billion in 1990 to $2.3 trillion in 2008 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010); deepening complications in Medicare Part D were also obvious as each state developed 40 -- 50 possible policies from which seniors could their coverage (Medicaid Part D, 2009). Companies could have proactively dealt with these trends by lobbying for simplicity and transparency in Medicare Part D and by educating pre-senior and senior citizens about their options.

2. Internal Actions of a Company Triggering a Trend in the External Environment

a. Example: Johnson & Johnson and the "European GreenLight Programme"

Established in 2000 by the European Commission, the "European GreenLight" Proramme" (GreenLight) is designed to persuade electrical end-users to voluntarily convert their lighting technologies and systems to more efficient technologies and systems, its goal being the eventual transformation of the entire market of electrical end-users. The European Commission established the plan believing that significantly reduced use of electricity would result in "reduced polluting emissions" and significant savings to the participating end-users (European Greenlight Programme, 2011).

Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. (JnJ), a 125-year-old pharmaceutical company (Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., 2011), was the first corporation to include "responsibility to the community" in its credo (McClimon, 2010). In 2000, JnJ also became the first company to partner with GreenLight (Eu-GreenLight, 2006, p. 43). Commencing…