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This is particularly true for students with learning disabilities. Secondary students' reading performance reaches a plateau during their high school years, and it is clear that the performance gap between their abilities and what they are expected to do widens (Mock, 2003). Adolescents who lack basic literacy skills need intensive, focused, sustained instruction to help them catch up with their peers.
Conclusion (2012). Adolescent development. Retrieved from http://www.teachervision.fen.com/growth-and-development/child-development/2874.html?detoured=1
Reading disabilities are life long; however, the effects may be mitigated to support learning, living, and earning, particularly when identified early and dealt with effectively. Language acquisition with phonemic awareness correlates to learning to read, plus it is an accurate predictor of reading success. Furthermore, it is important to identify reading disabilities early so that effective intervention strategies are employed. High school students are in a transitional phase and without the necessary scaffolding support and tools to enhance self-efficacy, young adults will have challenges to becoming self-sustaining. Hence, their success is based on the fundamental skills of reading, which in turns affect writing abilities. Developing literacy skills is an achievement that, once accomplished, will benefit a person throughout his or her lifetime (Bowman & Trainman, 2004).
Exhibit A
(American School Counselor Association, 2012)
A teenager's development can be divided into three stages -- early, middle, and late adolescence. The normal feelings and behaviors of adolescents for each stage are described below.
Early Adolescence
12-14 years
Movement Toward Independence
Struggle with sense of identity
Moodiness
Improved abilities to use speech to express oneself
More likely to express feelings by action than by words
Close friendships gain importance
Less attention shown to parents, with occasional rudeness
Realization that parents are not perfect; identification of their faults
Search for new people to love in addition to parents
Tendency to return to childish behavior
Peer group influences interests and clothing styles
Increasing career interests
Mostly interested in present and near future
Greater ability to work
Sexuality
Girls ahead of boys
Shyness, blushing, and modesty
More showing off
Greater interest in privacy
Worries about being normal
Ethics and Self-Direction
Rule and limit testing
Occasional experimentation with cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol
Capacity for abstract thought
Middle Adolescence
Bowman, M., & Treiman, R. (2004). Stepping stones to reading. Theory Into Practice, 43(4), 295-303.
Catone, W.V., & Brady, S.A. (2005). The Inadequacy of Individual Educational Program (IEP) Goals for High School Students with Word-level Reading Difficulties. Annals Of Dyslexia, 55(1), 53-78.
Hock, M.D. (2003). "No Child" leaves behind teen reading proficiency. Education Digest, 69(4), 27.
Horowitz, S.H. (2006). You want me to what? Read? Children's Voice, 15(6), 17.
National Center for Learning Disabilities - NCLD. (9 March 2009). Learning disability fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.ncld.org/ld-basics/ld-explained/basic-facts/ld-fast-facts
Savage, J.F. (2007). Sound it out: Phonics in a comprehensive reading program (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
References
American School Counselor Association. (2012). Adolescent development. Retrieved from http://www.teachervision.fen.com/growth-and-development/child-development/2874.html?detoured=1
Bowman, M., & Treiman, R. (2004). Stepping stones to reading. Theory Into Practice, 43(4), 295-303.
Catone, W.V., & Brady, S.A. (2005). The Inadequacy of Individual Educational Program (IEP) Goals for High School Students with Word-level Reading Difficulties. Annals Of Dyslexia, 55(1), 53-78.
Hock, M.D. (2003). "No Child" leaves behind teen reading proficiency. Education Digest, 69(4), 27.
National Center for Learning Disabilities - NCLD. (9 March 2009). Learning disability fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.ncld.org/ld-basics/ld-explained/basic-facts/ld-fast-facts
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