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Bilingual Education
The first federal Bilingual Education Act (BEA) was signed into law in 1968. This study sought to determine what effects the BEA had on local and state school districts in California, some who had previously initiated programs to address the Limited English Speaking (LES) students who were becoming an integrated part of the educational system in California. The study is important to the proposed paper in that it shows how good intentions on the part of the Federal government don't always translate into good results. The study found that there were a number of innovative and independent programs that were adversely affected by the increased oversight and enforcement that the federal program brought with it.
Petrzela, N.M. (2010) Before the Federal Bilingual Education Act: Legislation and lived experience in California, Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 85,
Bilingual education is not just a byword in the United States it is also practiced in numerous developed and developing countries as well. This article examines the strategies employed by the Chinese to accommodate the bilingual education efforts in many of the schools in China. China contains one of the world's largest populations and its diversity is very unique, there are currently over 128 distinct languages spoken by Chinese minority groups. One of the strongest relationships between a minority language and Chinese is the one evidenced by the Korean language. The article presents data...
43, No. 1, pp. 82 -- 92
The study examined in this article can be used in the proposed paper because it provides evidence of how the individual teacher is an important cog in the wheel of dual language learning. The article examines what role the teacher must play and how the teacher implements certain teaching styles as well as the characteristics of teacher agency. The study sought to determine what specific teaching practices are being used by teachers in a successful dual language arena. According to the study, this determination is important because it will enhance and inform the work of other educators seeking the same level of success. The study determined that evidence did exist that supported the use of dual language education in the American classroom.
Ray, J.M.; (2009) A template…
Valenta, M. (2009) Who wants to be a travelling teacher? Bilingual teachers and weak form of bilingual education: The Norwegian experience, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 32, Issue 1, pp. 21 -- 33
Examining the long-term effects of bilingual education in indigenous areas of less developed countries according to the German perspective is the primary focus of this article. The article examines how positive relationships between and within countries can be initiated and maintained throughout the years with successful teaching of ideas and concepts, especially regarding bilingual education. This is an important article in that it shows how Germany established bilingual teaching programs nearly three decades ago in underdeveloped countries and have been able to share the benefits of that education with their own citizens as well as the citizens of those countries where it was implemented.
Cortina, R.; (2010) Empowering indigenous languages and cultures: The impact of German bilateral assistance in Latin America, European Education, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 53 -- 67
Bilingual Education Predicting the effect of bilingual education on student outcomes with the work done by Huddy and Sears, "Opposition to Bilingual Education: Prejudice or the Defense of Realistic Interests?" is problematical. The authors investigated the bases for parental prejudice against bilingual education; they did not investigate in any detail what the educational outcomes might be for the children involved. They made only incidental reference to the possibility that Latino, African-American
Bilingual Education in Los Angeles According to the Los Angeles Times articles, "Hundreds Wait for Bilingual Education," by Louis Sahagun and Nick Anderson (October 23, 1998), there are hundreds of students awaiting arrangements for bilingual classes; these students' parents have petitioned the Los Angeles (LA) school system to provide the resources and facilities their children need to learn the English language outside of total immersion classrooms. This article examines the impact
Bilingual Education America is a land of immigrants and has, therefore, always required bilingual education programs in some form or the other. In fact, bilingual education programs have existed in America since the late eighteenth century, when European immigrant children received educational instruction in their native languages. Recently, however, the issue of bilingual education appears to have grown somewhat contentious. This is evident by the initiatives taken by the States of
The factors affecting cost are numerous and not always easily identifiable; in addition to the purchasing of bilingual textbooks and other instructional supplies, there is often a perception that bilingual instruction leads to a greatly increased workload and number of class hours, and therefore a greater overall strain on the often-tight budgets of public education institutions and districts (Mora 2006). It is primarily the transitional costs, however, that many
In terms of efficacy, Krashen addresses the position that bilingual education is not as effective as suggested by its proponents. The evidence presented by this position is however not sufficiently convincing to make a substantial case for immersion programs as being superior to bilingual curricula. Krashen admits that there are still a number of problems associated with bilingual education that need to be addressed. The largest of these is the accessibility
While students in two-way immersion programs and other bilingual education programs may have the occasion to feel bored when they are not be instructed in their language, teachers can create an environment in which they are stimulated. The National Association for Bilingual Education (2004) notes that the involvement of parents, materials provided by the school, and the support that the program gets are all important factors in the success