This paper deals with the restrictions placed on Americans by acts such as the Patriot Act and the role the media played in its immediate passing. It also suggests that American citizens should be willing to sacrifice some of their civil liberties in order to allow for a safer America.
Civil Liberties, a Price to Pay for Safety?
Terrorism is something that a country or a nation has to deal with at some time or another. The United States experienced a terrible tragedy on September 11th 2001 when the twin towers in manhattan collapsed due to hijacked airplanes. Ever since then, America has been on high alert in order to avoid another catastrophe. Some of the measures taken such as the passing of the Patriot Act to ensure such an event will not happen again restrict what can be carried on airplanes, such as smaller carry ons, smaller amount of liquids, etc.
American citizens have had issues with these "intrusions." Some have complained about the long wait times at airport check ins or the monitoring of possible "terrorist activity." However, in order for the United States to be a safer country, certain precautions must be met. American citizens should be willing to part with some of their civil liberties for the protection of the homeland. Monitoring of text, voice, websites, airport security searches, etal. should be allowed.
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America made people across the country and the world take the time to reflect on the institutional framework of civil society and the commitment to democratic principles. It's difficult to maintain a proper balance of protection of citizens' rights and liberties against their ensuring peace and security. It become a constant struggle. This is especially true during crises or war. The September 11 attack surfaced the questions of whether people will allow restrictions placed on their personal freedom for increased security and a sense of personal safety.
The Patriot Act grants federal agents the right to obtain National Security Letters in order to collect evidence for criminal cases. "Prior to the Patriot Act, the letters could be used only for collection of intelligence" (Marcovitz 100). The Patriot Act emblazoned federal agents to attain warrants from the "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court" (Marcovitz 100) to wiretap suspected individuals for supposed criminal activity. Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, the court only issued wiretap warrants for intelligence-gathering purposes. People who support the Patriot Act state few terrorist attacks have risen since its passing.
Recent articles have shown that these restrictions have challenged the democratic resolve of United States citizens. Davis & Silver (2002) conducted a national survey right after the terrorist attacks during the Fall of 2001. Their results were: "In the tradition of research on political tolerance and democratic rights in context, this study uses a national survey of Americans conducted shortly after the September 11, 2001 attack on America to investigate people's willingness to trade off civil liberties for greater personal safety and security. We find that the greater people's sense of threat, the lower their support for civil liberties " (Davis, and Silver 28). To conduct and analyze the information from the survey, they also performed additional research. The additional research revealed the civil liberties allowed in the Patriot Act: "Using the contextual issues surrounding the trade-offs and the Patriot Act legislation, we identify several dimensions of support for civil liberties. Each of these became an important public issue in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Specifically, we examine support for civil liberties in relation to the following issues:
Habeas Corpus: indefinite detention of non-citizens suspected of terrorism
Racial Discrimination: racial profiling
Government Surveillance: increased wire tapping and e-mail surveillance
Freedom of Speech: school teachers criticizing anti-terrorism policy
Right to Privacy: national identity cards
Freedom of Association: belonging to or supporting alleged terrorist organization
Protection from Search and Seizure: search on suspicion without court order
Freedom of Assembly and Speech: investigate nonviolent protestors " (Davis, and Silver 32)
One of the main relevant findings of research on democracy and mass beliefs concerning civil liberties is the importance of context. Although comprehension of the support for generalities of democracy is relevant, however, the more crucial aspect is support for democratic norms when they
conflict with other significant beliefs (Leone, and Anrig 112). Context-specific events grant important insight into the level of responsibility to democratic standards. It is the actual support for democratic beliefs and its conflict with other values that shows consequences over people's everyday lives.
In order for a nation to remain democratic, it often requires a large amount of fortitude, but when individuals have to abide by and live with the aftermath of their democratic beliefs, the strength of their promise to democratic norms may be best appreciate. Nevertheless, some argue that the Patriot Act, as previously stated before may support some civil liberties while offering safety for citizens. As Marcovitz stated in his book: Americans do not believe the law is intrusive or, if they do, they are willing to sacrifice some of their civil liberties to protect human life" (Marcovitz 69).
A study performed by Domke, Graham, Coe, John, and Coopman suggests in reference to political elites, that control of political media and information environments especially during national crises, heightens revealing hidden political agendas in the process. This study examines the formation and enactment of the Patriot Act, which was recommended by the Bush administration after the September 2001 terrorist attacks and immediately passed through the active support of the U.S. Congress. Domke, Graham, Coe, John, and Coopmane argue that: "(a) the public communications of the Bush administration, particularly those by George W. Bush and John Ashcroft, and (b) news coverage about the legislation were instrumental in this outcome. Public communications by Bush and Ashcroft and news coverage about the Act were content analyzed to identify the timing of the messages and the themes and perspectives emphasized, and congressional debates and activities were examined for insight into their relation with administration and press discourse" (Domke, Graham, Coe, John, and Coopman 291). Their findings suggest the communications between Bush and Ashcroft, along with a supportive press that mirrored the administration's messages, generated an environment where Congress faced serious pressure to pass the legislation with unprecedented speed. The media also played a role in affecting public opinion over the passing of the Patriot Act.
In their article, Abdolian and Takooshian examine the role the media played in the Patriot Act. "Historically, during trouble times, the American public has turned to the mass media for information solace" (Abdolian, and Takooshian 1432) . The article states the media failed to deliver specifics on the Patriot Act and instead focusing on generating fear amongst the masses, allowing quick acceptance of the Patriot Act as a saving grace for the United States. "Very few news reports filled in the basic blanks- the who, what, where, when, and why- about U.S. policy, the U.S.A. PATRIOT Act, and the government's insistence on the need for secrecy and more power" (Abdolian, and Takooshian 1432) It is uncertain whether the government had a hidden agenda or not in passing the Patriot Act, but evidence leads to the Patriot Act decreasing terrorist incidents. And although some people protest government interference as it related to civil liberties, most people accept the sacrifice.
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