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To prevent complications related to direct government investments in cloning research, legislation could open the door for privately-funded cloning research projects while at the same time banning federally- or state-funded research projects.
However, most opponents of cloning cite the ethical costs involved in cloning legislation. Opponents of stem cell research sometimes "argue that permitting nuclear transplantation would open the door to reproductive cloning, because a ban only on implantation would be difficult to enforce." (AAAS). Even groups who would welcome therapeutic cloning research fear legal ambiguities. Stem cells do not necessarily need to be harvested from cloned human embryos: they can be harvested from discarded embryos used for in vitro fertilization or from other sources like human placenta. At the same time, legislation can easily permit therapeutic cloning while still maintaining a ban on reproductive cloning.
The social benefits of therapeutic cloning may outweigh the possible costs. Proponents of therapeutic cloning "argue that the moral status of a human embryo is less than that of a full human being, and must be weighed against the potential cures that could be produced by research using nuclear transplantation," (AAAS). Moreover, therapeutic cloning advocates "contend that a ban on implantation on the product of nuclear transplantation would be no more difficult to enforce than a ban on nuclear transplantation itself," (AAAS).
Conclusion and Related Issues
Cloning is one of the most controversial political issues in the United States and in many other nations. Most of the cloning controversy centers on human cloning, although animal cloning is occasionally viewed as a gateway to human cloning. Opponents of cloning cite religious and ethical issues against both research and applied cloning practices. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning processes both produce living tissues. Some opponents of cloning legislation acknowledge the potential benefits of stem cell research but fear a slippery slope toward cloning actual human beings....
Cloned human beings, like cloned animals, could also be used against their will for scientific research. However, such scary scenarios remain the domain of science fiction.
Proponents of cloning usually cite the social benefits of allowing stem cell research. Stem cells can grow into any type of specialized body cell and therefore could be used to cure or alleviate degenerative diseases. If legal definitions can be clarified, public policy and legislation can clearly distinguish between the various types of cloning activities and limit which ones would be legal.
References
American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Policy Brief: Human Cloning." Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/cloning/
American Medical Association. "Human Cloning." April 6, 2006. Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/4560.html
Human Genome Project. "Cloning Fact Sheet." Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml#policy
National Conference of State Legislatures. "State Human Cloning Laws." April 18, 2006. Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/genetics/rt-shcl.htm
Smith, Simon. "All the Reasons to Clone Human Beings." Human Cloning Foundation. 2002. Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://www.humancloning.org/allthe.php
The University of Utah, Genetic Science Learning Center. "Why Clone?" Learn.Genetics. Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/whyclone
Human Genome Project One of the primary concerns of the biological sciences today is human health. The more information is made known about the human body, the more curative and preventive steps can be taken to ensure the longevity and health of the human body. This is one of the ends of the Human Genome Project (HGP), which was concluded in 2003. The project ran for 13 years and was coordinated
Scientific research and specifically cloning is protected as a first amendment right, coupled with the benefits available with this technology, and the unimaginable benefits that can be reaped in the future, cloning is the hope of the future, despite the worries of critics. References After Dolly: The Uses and Misuses of Human Cloning." The Futurist 40(4) Jul-Aug 2006: p. 62. InfoTrac database. Thomson-Gale. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. July 5, 2006
Cloning is among the feats in science that many of us, as part of our childish character, ideas, and imaginations, have only visualized before. We used to say in our mind, "what would happen if we create someone who is an exact duplicate of ourselves?" Again we say, "how convenient it would be to have that someone do the things we don't want to do." Or, "have that someone face the
"Animals that are experiencing dwindling numbers could be cloned to prevent their extinction. Taiwanese scientists claimed to have made five clones of an endangered pig to save this species" (Anonymous). While some say man should not play God there are others like Edmund Erde who disagree and say that "playing God" is a phrase that is "muddle-headed" and "nonsensical" and should be deserted (Edmund Erde, p.594). For those who
Cloning The debate about human cloning was carried out within the field of science fiction and fantasy, until recently. With the victorious cloning of the sheep Dolly in 1997, it became obvious that earlier or later, scientists might be able to clone human beings too. There is both encouragement and disagreement for this likelihood. Though cloning has been explained by newspapers and magazines as an exhilarating step onward that allows genetic
It is only a drop in the bucket of the currently available knowledge on neural differentiation, however. According to Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Handbook, there are seventeen acknowledge and reviewed methodologies for differentiating human embryonic stem cells into neural cells (Walsh, 2008). The incompleteness and erros of this same book, however, reflect the dearth of research into the area of human embryonic stem cell research (Walsh, 2008).