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Media Presentation of Hate Crimes Against African-Americans: Annotated Bibliography
Baum, M., Potter, P. The relationships between mass media, public opinion, and foreign policy: Toward a theoretical synthesis. Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 11 (2008): 39-65. Web. 90, no. 1 (2013): 108-125. Web.
Potter and Baum's paper firstly assesses the wide-ranging advances in academic knowledge with regard to foreign policy and public opinion in the course of the last decades, placing emphasis on comparatively recent researches. Subsequently, the authors propose a structure, on the basis of the market equilibrium principle, designed to synthesize the unconnected research programs which make up the literature pool on foreign policy and public opinion. For achieving this, the authors integrate mass media -- a third key strategic player -- that, in their opinion, has a crucial part to play, together with leaders and ordinary citizens, in influencing public outlook towards, and power over, foreign policy, besides considering the leader-public relationship. They attempt to explain the complex linkages between foreign policy results and the aforementioned players.
Holt, Lanier Frush. Writing the Wrong: Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media Messages about African-Americans? Journalism and Mass...
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A number of research works claim that media messages contribute to triggering or aggravating racial stereotypes. But Holt's work delves into the kind of information -- general, non-crime news or crime-related information (facts directly contradicting media messages) -- that works best to abate stereotypes. Holt discovered that being afraid of crime and criminals is not only a racial fear, but more of a general human one. Moreover, his work indicates that in case of American youth, the associated black-criminal stereotype dyad -- crime and race -- is stimulated more by the former element than by the latter.
Lee, Spike, dir. Malcolm X. LA: Warner Bros., 1992. Film.
Malcolm was a victim of violence. The son of a man who was possibly assassinated by the Ku Klux Klan, which also burned his home to the ground, Malcolm was sent off to live with a foster family due to his mother's inability to provide for her kids. Lee depicts the initial scenes set in Harlem in rich and warm colors; by contrast, the prison scenes feature institutional and cold lighting. In several important instances in Malcolm's celebrity life, quasi-documentary, white-and-black photography interwoven into the color film depict the shaping and establishment of his public image.
Hutton, Erica. BIAS MOTIVATION IN CRIME: A Theoretical Examination, Internet Journal of Criminology, (2009). Web.
Hutton's…
This research work specifically explores game "enemies" and the extent of violence players inflict upon these virtual enemies. Findings reveal that most games scrutinized fostered conflict and intense violence toward Jews and Blacks. In the games Selepak studied, players were meant to brutally slay, dismember, and injure minorities for proceeding forward. These games were, typically, adapted classic video game versions wherein racial, ethnic, and religious minority characters replaced the original enemy characters. The study indicates that radical and hate websites offer video games aimed at indoctrinating players holding white supremacist beliefs, enabling racists to practice aggression against minorities. This can, subsequently, have a bearing on their interactions in the real world.
Mastro, Dana, Maria Knight Lapinski, Maria A. Kopacz, and Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz. The Influence of Exposure to Depictions of Race and Crime in TV News on Viewer's Social Judgments, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, (2009), 615-635. Web.
Mastro and colleagues' two-study experiment makes use of a group-centered priming structure for exploring the link of exposure to TV news depictions connecting violence and race to viewers' actual racial views. The first study's outcomes suggest that viewers' gender as well as the news suspect's racial identity have an influence on successive judgments, including victim and criminal attributions. The second research provides fairly consistent outcomes, suggesting, further, that the suspect's racial identity greatly impacts attitudes towards the Black community in the wider society, outside of the mediated situation.
Foreign Relations Summary of chapter on "Alternative Futures: The United States as an Ordinary State" In this chapter, the author argues that (despite appearances to the contrary), there are always choices as to the future direction of any state. America seems to be committed to a war on "terror" by the events of September 11th and the subsequent conquests in the Middle East. This author argues that no such commitment exists, but that
The research, methods will seek to establish a common basement of the U.S. President Foreign Policy Decision Making Process. Equitable regard will be accorded to the state of affairs that exist between the U.S.A. And Iran Questionnaires Questionnaires are samples of structured questions that will seek directive responses from the respondents in the field of study. In order to arrive at making decisions, there are several considerations that the president of
These climatic changes in turn impact negatively on the economy and the people within the region. There is need hence for the environmental protection for sustainable development. Though there have been significant measures like the formulation of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act (AWPPA) which was geared towards protection of the marine environment especially tackling pollution and shipping safety laws to be in place (Justice Laws Website, 2013), there
28). The directions that this new "great and powerful" friend takes in the next 20 years will have a pronounced effects on what type of foreign policy is needed to maintain the middle road aspired to by Australian foreign policymakers. In the Australia's Defence Department's White Paper, "Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific century: Force 2030," published in 2009, a number of eventualities are examined in terms of the
Again, the press is not aware of all that goes on in the White House behind closed doors. Just because the matter was not publicly mentioned again in a direct fashion, does not mean that it was dropped. My team and I have continually discussed the best course of action for fostering trade with Tunisia and setting a much stronger precedent in the Middle East. The WSJ has actually
Advantages and Disadvantages of Counter-Concepts in Iraq: Isolationism is one counter-concept that is often suggested as a solution to the challenges currently had in Iraq. With isolationism, policy centers on non-intervention, militarily, politically, and economically. The advantage of this policy would be that Americans would no longer be on Iraqi soil and therefore no longer in danger. However, the disadvantages are numerous and include: the possibility of a rise of another