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Crime
Measurement of Crime and Crime Theories
Crime is perhaps one of the most widespread problems in society today. It can take any form, and range in violence, which is what, perhaps, adds to the danger aspect. However, crime not only affects the victim, but also the perpetrator. In order to truly understand how one views crime, one must not only understand how crime is seen by society, but also how it impacts and how it is impacted by the perpetrators and those mixed within it. This paper will thus analyze research that has assessed the effects of crime and especially of juvenile involvement in the justice system during high school education, and the outcomes of this involvement, in order to see how crime can affect a population, how it can be measured, and what theories can be drawn from the research about crime and criminal activities.
According to the study by Gary Sweeten, there is little research to assess outcomes of juvenile justice involvement during high school on educational outcomes of the population affected. The study here thus strives to assess the effect of first-time arrest and "court involvement during high school" on "educational attainment," according to Sweeten, utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Sweeten further ascertains that findings suggest,...
First he states that criminological theories are not "silent" regarding the link between the juvenile justice system and its involvement of educational outcomes. He also adds that while "deterrence and labeling theories" predict opposite effects between the system and the outcome, "propensity theories suggest no effect." Sweeten further goes to say that only some studies have truly addressed these theories and have clarified the outcomes in a way that is both understandable and that actually suggests the real relationship, which in his view is that juvenile arrest increases dramatically the odds of high school dropout rates.
The next point that Sweeten makes regards theoretical mechanisms and ways of measuring crime and its effects on juveniles. According to Sweeten, "criminological theory suggests a number of mechanisms linking juvenile justice sanctions on educational outcomes." These mechanisms, according to the author, include "labeling, deterrence, and propensity theories." Furthermore, the author explains what each mean, which has been afore-mentioned.
In order to reinforce his beliefs, however, the labeling theories, for example predict various mechanisms between juvenile involvement and dropout. One labeling theory, for instance, includes a…
Sweeten thus wants his study to take these into account, which is why he decides to draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey, which is administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistic. According to Sweeten, the purpose of this is to minimize weaknesses and oversampling of disadvantaged youth. Sweeten also makes sure to measure various sample populations in order to minimize weaknesses. One such example is that Sweeten utilized a "sampling weight," which was utilized in all analysis to ensure there is no bias. In this method, youths were asked a number of questions that ranged from what kind of delinquent involvement they were involved in, and how they grew up.
Sweeten's documentation of his study, as well as the tables presenting his findings only strengthen the focus of the study and place it as one of the foremost authorities on the topic. Furthermore, his study focuses strongly on data without bias, which is only reinforcing of his strategies, and of completing the lack of data availability in the topic.
Source: Sweeten, G. (2006). "Who Will Graduate? Disruption of High School Graduation by Arrest and Court Involvement." Justice Quarterly 23(4), pp. 1-20.
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