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Osteoporosis
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a minor fall or sudden impact causes a bone fracture. Osteoporosis affects all the bones in the body, but fractures are most common in the wrists, hips, and spine. This paper will describe symptoms of this condition, diagnostic tests that might be used, common treatments, and primary prevention methods.
Symptoms
Osteoporosis is frequently referred to as a "silent disease" due to its subtle nature (Wu, 2021). Its progression can remain hidden for many years, exhibiting no noticeable symptoms until an unexpected bone fracture occurs. Nevertheless, in certain cases, there might be some observable signs. One such sign can be a gradual decrease in height over time, accompanied by a stooped or hunched posture. This can happen as a result of the weakening of the spinal bones, leading to a compressed or "shrunken" appearance.
Another clear indicator of osteoporosis is the occurrence of fractures in certain areas of the body. The bones most vulnerable to osteoporosis-induced fractures are those in the spine, wrist, or hip. A fracture in these areas, especially after a minor fall or injury, can signal the presence of osteoporosis. Additionally, osteoporosis can cause back pain. This is often the result of a vertebra in the spine fracturing or collapsing due to the reduced bone density associated with osteoporosis. If someone experiences persistent back pain without a clear cause, it could potentially indicate the presence of this "silent disease" (Wu, 2021).
Diagnostic Tests
Osteoporosis is diagnosed with a bone density scan, also referred to as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) (Shummar et al., 2023). DXA is a kind of X-ray technology that measures bone loss. A DXA scan is a quick and painless procedure that takes about 5 to 10 minutes, depending on the area of the body being scanned.
In addition, blood tests can be performed to rule out other diseases that may cause bone loss, such as hyperparathyroidism or celiac disease.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has established the following diagnostic criteria, based on the bone density measured in ones hip and spine:
A T-score of -1.0 or above is normal
A T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 suggests you have low bone density or osteopenia
A T-score of -2.5 or below is a diagnosis of osteoporosis (Xiao et al., 2022).
Common Treatments
The goal of osteoporosis treatment is to prevent bone fractures by stopping bone loss and by increasing bone density and strength. Although early detection and timely treatment of osteoporosis can dramatically decrease the risk...…medical treatments. Lifestyle changes are the cornerstone of prevention and treatment for osteoporosis. These include adopting a healthy diet that's rich in calcium and vitamin D, both essential for bone health. Regular weight-bearing exercises, like walking, dancing, or weight training, can help strengthen bones and slow the progression of osteoporosis.
In addition to these lifestyle changes, medical treatment is often necessary, especially for those with a significant risk of fractures. The choice of medication depends on various factors including the individual's overall health, risk for fractures, and personal and family medical history. Medications such as bisphosphonates are commonly used, as they slow the rate of bone thinning and can help maintain or even slightly increase bone density. Hormone-related therapy may be an option for some women after menopause. Each of these medications comes with its own set of benefits and potential risks, so it is important to have an in-depth discussion with the healthcare provider to understand the most suitable treatment option.
Conclusion
Overall, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is a long-term commitment and may need to be adjusted over time as circumstances change. It is also important to maintain a healthy lifestyle by quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake, both of which can negatively impact bone health. Ultimately, it is essential to maintain a good dialogue with healthcare providers…
References
Mohd Azmi, N. F. I., Aznul Hisham, M. H., & Jamil, N. A. (2023). Development and Evaluationof an e-Book for Bone Health and Osteoporosis Education in Adolescents. Nutrients, 15(8), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081899
Shummar, Z. H., Mohammad, S. S., & Iqbal, M. N. (2023). Role of Dual-energy X-rayAbsorptiometry Scan (DEXA) Assessment of Preoperatively Osteoporosis in Spine Surgery Patients. Acta Biomed, 94(2), e2023089. DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i2.15487Wu, S. S. (2021). The Application of Interlaminar Spacer in Osteoporosis Spinal StenosisPatients. Osteoporosis Of The Spine: Asian Perspectives, 278. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811220814_0014Xiao, P. L., Cui, A. Y., Hsu, C. J., Peng, R., Jiang, N., Xu, X. H., ... & Lu, H. D. (2022). Global,regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 33(10), 2137-2153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-022-06454-3
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