I. Define the problem (nature, extent, significance, etc.).

a. Yellow fever in South Africa and how to mitigate its influence within the country

II. Describe the agent.

a. The agent is yellow fever and the conditions that cause the spread of the disease. These agents are environmental conditions, lack of healthcare infrastructure, and improper mitigation efforts

III. Describe the condition (briefly).

a. Yellow fever is hemorrhagic disease that causes jaundice. Here the characteristics are yellow skin and yellow eyes. In addition, the conditions of the disease can vary by individual. Initially, the conditions are headache, fever, muscle pain, nausea and appetite. If left untreated these conditions can be more severe in roughly 7 days. These symptoms included higher fever, liver failure, kidney failure, internal and external bleeding. During this phase nearly 50% of individuals die. The condition is primary transferred by infected mosquitos.

IV. Examine the above sources for data on morbidity and mortality in the selected health problem.

a. The mortality rate of most individuals that go untreated is 50%. Is treated with 1 to 5 days the mortality rate significantly declines to roughly 20%.

V. Summarize these data on the distribution of the selected health problem according to the following factors using tables, graphs, or other illustrations whenever possible:

A. Host characteristics

1. Age

a. Most individuals with Yellow Fever vary in age. As the condition is contracted by mosquitoes the age distribution of yellow fever victims is primarily associated with those exposed to mosquitos. These individuals tend to be working class between the ages of 25-64.

2. Sex

a. Yellow fever is evenly distributed between men and women

3. Nativity

a. According to the World Health Organization, Yellow fever originated in Africa and was transferred to the rest of the world during the slave trade.

b. The first widespread epidemic occurred in 1648 within the Yucatan.

c. The virus would later spread throughout the Caribbean, south American and other tropical regions.

4. Marital status

a. Marital status has no bearing on the spread of yellow fever.

5. contract the virus.

B. Environmental attributes

a. The virus typically survives in lush tropical environments.

b. A large source of water is required for the spread of the virus. This is indicated through the data as many of the yellow fever hot spots are located within coastal areas.

c. The environment typically has low infrastructure related to healthcare care and proper treatment. In this environment, the symptoms must be easily recognized and then treated promptly for survival rates to increase.

1. Geographic areas

a. The virus...

C. How improvement of infrastructure and availability can help mitigate or even eradicate the virus

VIII. Suggest areas for further epidemiologic research.

a. How can the onset of another pandemic such as COVID-19 impact the yellow fever infection rates in South Africa?

IX. Critically appraise the data as a whole; consult primary sources and important original papers

1. Biraud Y. Present-day Problems of Yellow Fever Epidemiology. League of Nations Monthly Epidemic Report, 1935; 14(179): 103-173

2. Durieux C. Mass Yellow Fever Vaccination in French Africa South of Sahara. In: Smithburn KC, Duriex C, Koerber R, Penna HA, Dick GWA, Courtois G, de Sousa Manso C, Stuart G, Bonnel PH. YF Vaccination. Monograph Series No 30. Geneva: WHO, 1956: 115-121.

3. Hobson W. World Health and History. Bristol: Wright, 1963

4. Peters W, Gilles HM. Color Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. London, UK: Mosby-Wolfe, 1995; 4-9

5. Rickard ER. Organization of Viscerotome Service of Brazilian Cooperative Yellow Fever Service. Am. J. Trop.Med. 1937; 17: 163.

6. Strode GK, Bugher JC, Austin-Kerr J, Smith HH, Smithburn KC, Taylor RM, Theiler M, Warren AJ, Whitman L, editors. Yellow Fever. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1951. 13.

7. Mims CA, Playfair JH, Roitt IM, Wakelin D, Williams R, Anderson RM. Medical Microbiology. London, UK: Mosby, 1995:…