¶ … Mastery and Female Submissiveness Prevalence of the model of mastery through female submissiveness: literary analyses of the classic works of Petronius, Apuleius, and Horace Walpole

Literary works created and published in the early classical period of Western history reflects the kind of social order that prevailed during the time. Through the author's point-of-view and interpretation of his/her realities during a particular period in history, readers become knowledgeable of the conditions that people in that society had lived, survived, and adapted to social changes. Evidences from early literary works in Western history showed that one of the most prevalent theme discussed was the dominance of men over women -- the institutionalization of patriarchy depicted through the model of mastery (of males). While males assumed the role of the 'master' in almost all institutions significant to daily life, women were relegated to roles that did not only reflect submissiveness to, but passivity towards male dominance as well.

The model of mastery and submissiveness of females in classic literature works were the themes reflected in the novels "Satyricon" by Petronius, "Golden Ass" by Apuleius, and "The Castle of Otranto" by Horace Walpole. In these literary works, women had been illustrated as subordinates to men, dominated due to the long tradition of patriarchy in the society. What these works also reflected was that society during the classical period acknowledged women's subordination, shown through the authors' prejudiced portrayal of women characters in their novels. In this paper, the researcher posits that the classical period of Western society highlighted its long history (from the 1st to 18th century) of prejudice and oppression against women through the model of mastery, the portrayal of women as generally weak, unintelligent, and mere objects of

In his description of Roman life in 'Dinner with Trimalchio,' Petronius laid bare his prejudiced view of women, which portrayed them maliciously, citing their primary purpose as being wives and 'beneficiaries' of men's finances. This was evident in his commentary on his observation of Fortunata, Trimalchio's wife: "Fortunata is her name and she counts her money by the sackful. And before, before, what was she? You'll pardon me saying so, but you wouldn't of touched a bit of bread from her hand ... But she's got a rough tongue and she's a real magpie when she gets her feet up ... "
From Petronius' description, Fortunata lacked credibility and morality in the public's eye. Though married to the rich Trimalchio, wealth did not elevate her social position in her society, of which she remained an immoral woman. As a single woman, she was criticized for her questionable morality and purity as a female, whole as a married woman, Fortunata suffered people's judgment, wherein her cleverness was associated with greed and unrefined character. This seemingly trivial observation in Petronius' narrative in "Satyricon" was actually an insightful look into the author's reality and subjective view of what women were in his society during the 1st century.

A century later, Petronius' views in "Satyricon" was still reflected in literature, most particularly in the work of Apuleius, "The Golden Ass." If there had been changes in the theme of males being masters of the society and…